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Dual citizenship - pros and cons
As a newcomer to Canada, it is natural to continue to have a sense of belonging to the country you are coming from. So it comes as no surprise that an increasing number of immigrants are choosing to adopt dual citizenship.
According to the last census in 2001, there were at least 691,000 people who listed themselves as dual or multiple citizens. (That figure could be higher as many immigrant parents may not realize that their children born in Canada might be dual or triple citizens depending on the laws of their former countries).
Canada does not discourage dual citizenship - in fact it was among the first countries in the world to introduce the concept, way back in 1977.
If you plan on retaining your current nationality while becoming a Canadian citizen, you can do so. However, you do need to first confirm that the country whose passport you now hold, will in fact allow you this privilege.
Some countries, such as
China, Japan and Denmark, do not permit dual citizenship; others, like
India, will allow dual nationality for its citizens who move to one of a small list of countries including Canada. And then there are others like
Syria that do not allow their people to renounce their citizenship at all.
Is there any advantage in obtaining citizenship of two or more countries? Apart from the obvious connection you likely feel to your birthplace, there are others, including:
employment opportunities
entitlement to social programs, such as pensions
property ownership
unrestricted residency
Dual citizenship often comes at a cost. Many countries have a recurring fee that needs to be paid to maintain your status.
You can usually obtain dual citizenship at any time. So it's possible to renounce the citizenship of your birth country at the time of becoming a Canadian, and reapply for it at a later time.
While Canada does not discourage dual status, Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) does warn that there is a potential for this to lead to serious problems, especially in countries where it is not legally recognized or if there is any confusion over what citizenship was used to obtain entry to a third country.
In some countries, travelling with two passports can result in the confiscation of one of them. (Conversely, however, India now requires both passports to be shown.)
Worse, there may be other difficulties you face that the Canadian Embassy might find hard to solve because of confusion over your exact status.
CIC provides several examples:
A Canadian from Toronto went to Italy with his Italian-born parents. He was informed by the Italian authorities that he was considered an Italian citizen and would be required to perform military service. He had to have family members in Toronto obtain certain documents and then have them certified by the Italian consulate before he was allowed to leave Italy.
And then there was the case of a Canadian teenager who travelled to Singapore for the first time to visit his relatives. What he didn't expect was to be arrested at the border and forced to join the military. Because of his dual citizenship, Canadian consular officers could not help him. In Singapore, he was considered a citizen of Singapore.
Here's another: A Canadian citizen of Chinese origin travelled to China on his Chinese documents instead of his Canadian passport. He was arrested for problems associated with a business venture and jailed shortly after his arrival. Despite repeated requests for visitation rights by the Canadian government, access was denied for over four years.
Many countries require their nationals to enter and leave the country on the passport of that country. A dual-national Polish/Canadian husband and wife without valid Polish passports were allowed to enter Poland on their Canadian passports to attend to a family emergency. To leave Poland, however, they were required to obtain Polish passports. The process took several weeks, and their delayed return almost cost them their jobs back in Canada.
When deciding on dual citizenship, there are several issues that CIC urges you to consider:
Military service: Many countries still have compulsory military service. If you are a citizen, and you meet other conditions, you may be legally required to register for military service and to respond to call-up orders. This legal obligation may exist even if you do not reside in the country of your second citizenship. Your obligations could be enforced even if you're just visiting at some point in the future.
Taxation: Taxation arrangements between countries are complex. If you have dual citizenship, you may encounter obligations in both countries. These obligations should be discussed with your financial and/or legal advisers.
Travel: If you travel with two passports, you could be subject to increased scrutiny by immigration and security officials. You could be questioned about missing entry or exit stamps, as well as your reason for having two travel documents. In some countries, possession of a second passport could result in its confiscation or a fine. You may even be prevented from leaving the country.
Marriage, divorce and child custody: Canada recognizes the legality of marriages performed in other countries. However, marriages performed in Canada may not always be considered legal in other countries. Similarly, divorce and child custody documents issued by Canadian courts may not be recognized.
Gay marriages: Canada is one of very few countries to legalize gay marriages. When travelling to many other countries (even across the border to the US), there might be issues that arise on any number of levels.
Education: If the country of your second citizenship provided you with free education, especially at the secondary or professional level, you may be held liable for reimbursing the costs. This is particularly the case if you obtained the education outside the country of your second citizenship.
Inheritances: Some countries may not permit the transfer of inheritances to nationals with a second citizenship.
CIC says preparation and knowledge are the keys to avoiding problems associated with dual citizenship. If you have any questions or concerns, contact the country of your second citizenship before you travel.
Formally establish whether you are subject to any outstanding obligations such as military service, taxation or education repayment. This information should be confirmed in writing. Carry this document with you when you travel - some dual citizens have received inaccurate or incomplete information from officials representing the country of their second citizenship.
If you do run into problems abroad because of your dual citizenship, contact the nearest Canadian embassy or consulate immediately. If you're unable to make contact and require immediate assistance, place a collect call to the Operations Centre, Consular Affairs Bureau, Foreign Affairs Canada, at (613) 996-8885, or send an e-mail to
sos@international.gc.ca.This e-mail address is being protected from spam bots, you need JavaScript enabled to view it
Canada encourages its citizens with multiple nationalities to use their Canadian passport when travelling abroad, especially when entering the country of their second citizenship.
Using your Canadian passport may provide the basis under which Canada can provide you with consular assistance if you run into difficulties. That may mean obtaining a visa, if that is required for entry by Canadian citizens, and always presenting yourself as a Canadian when dealing with local authorities.