【帮核专家转】 中国专家:进口转基因大豆油致癌

向问天

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据央视网报道,在进口转基因大豆的冲击下,我国大豆业「奄奄一息」。15年来,转基因大豆在安全性争议声中,进口数量不断攀升。日前,农业部批准发放三个可进口用作加工原料的转基因大豆安全证书,又掀起了一场无解的争论。


  黑龙江大豆协传会:转基因与肿瘤高度相关

  央视网(记者李文学报道)转基因大豆从进口的那天起就与争议相伴,这缘于人们对其「有毒」的担忧。在至今尚无科学实验的前提下,黑龙江省大豆协会一份与肿瘤高度相关的分析报告,让人触目惊心。
  「之前我们对转基因大豆的安全性持审慎态度,但看到《2012中国肿瘤登记年报》后,马上意识到问题的严重性。」黑龙江省大豆协会副秘书长王小语说,我国一半以上的食用油为大豆油,而大豆油市场90%以上的份额被转基因大豆油所佔领,「涉及面太大了,必须正视」。
  《2012中国肿瘤登记年报》显示,我国每年新发癌症病例约350万,因癌症死亡约250万。全国每天有8550人成为癌症患者,平均每1分钟就有6人被确诊为癌症,每7到8人中就有1人死于癌症,癌症发病呈年轻化趋势。
  「据中国抗癌协会专家推测,肿瘤发病诱因,与环境气候、当地饮食风俗等有一定关系。」王小语说,「我依据自身在粮食行业20年的工作经历,却发现致癌原因可能与转基因大豆油消费有极大相关性。」
  转基因与肿瘤的相关性,国外早有披露。2010年,由俄罗斯全国基因安全协会和生态与环境问题研究所Alexei Surov博士等科学家联合实验,选择农业中广泛应用的含有不同比例转基因成分的普通大豆,餵养具有快速繁殖率的坎贝尔仓鼠2年,结果证明,转基因生物对哺乳动物有害。研究人员发现,食用转基因食品的动物将失去繁殖能力。
  2012年9月,法国凯恩大学的Seralini等科学家,在《食品化学毒物学》杂志公布的研究结果称,通过为期两年对200只实验鼠进行的分类试验,他们发现,用转基因玉米NK603和被「Roundup」(商品名「农达」)污染的饲料餵养的实验鼠,容易患肿瘤及内脏损伤。
  王小语介绍,河南、河北、甘肃、青海、上海、江苏、广东、福建等地,基本都是我国转基因大豆油的消费集中区域,这些区域同时也是我国肿瘤发病集中区。黑龙江、辽宁、浙江、山东、湖南、湖北、贵州等地基本都不以消费转基因大豆油为主,不是肿瘤发病集中区域。
  「山东、江苏两省相邻,是国内加工转基因大豆最多的,但江苏胃癌高发,山东不是。值得注意的是,山东居民以食用花生油为主。」王小语说,「同样,湖南、湖北、浙江、贵州这些地方,人们主要吃菜籽油,肿瘤也不高发。」
  大豆油不是简单的脂肪,其对人体的发育有重要作用。「尤其是里面的成分维生素E,又称生育酚,对人体最重要的作用就是生殖,如此重要的人体必需营养物质,若来自于转基因产品,很肯恩有极大的健康威胁。」王小语说。
  「我们协会的结论就是,食用转基因大豆油的消费者更容易患肿瘤、不孕不育病。所以,转基因大豆油不宜在没有获得安全定论前用于商业消费。」王小语说。今年4月,他将这个报告交至黑龙江省农委,希望引起重视,但至今没收到回复。
  转基因大豆进口争议中前行
  央视网(记者李文学报道)日前,农业部批准发放了三个可进口用作加工原料的转基因大豆安全证书。至此,我国农业转基因生物安全证书已达82个,准许进口转基因作物的领域涵盖大豆、玉米、油菜、棉花等。其中,大豆因量多且消费面广而备受关注。
  此次转基因大豆来势依然汹涌,又一次捲起风波无数。正是在这样的争议声中,我国进口转基因大豆,已经走过了15年。
  我国转基因大豆进口始于1997年。从这一年开始,争议就没停过。每次争议的内容,都离不开「安全」这个核心。15年过去,这却像一个始终无解的答案,把争议的双方累得精疲力尽。
  中国农业科学院植物保护研究所研究员、农业转基因生物安全委员会副主任委员彭于发回答媒体提问时表示,中国对这三个转基因大豆新品种的安全评审是非常慎重的,安全性是有保证的。
  「安不安全,不是随便说的,要拿出充分的科学依据来。」黑龙江省农科院专家刘忠堂今年75岁,与大豆打了53年交道。他说,我国消费了世界上一半的转基因大豆,却没有这方面的实验,这才导致争议不断。
  黑龙江省大豆协会副秘书长王小语一直是转基因大豆的反对者。他认为,从国外的一些实验来看,转基因大豆与肿瘤和不孕不育高度相关,而我国一些专家在没有论文和实验的情况下就说安全,「很不负责任」。
  「一个基因插入后,对其他基因肯定要产生些影响,影响到底多大,会不会给人造成伤害,我也很担心。」刘忠堂说,农业部要求转基因大豆不能进餐桌,不能种植,从这点上其实又否定了它,「很矛盾」。
  虽然目前在全球范围内,对转基因玉米、大豆、棉花等作物的质疑和反对声不绝于耳,但实际上,作为世界农业增产的重要手段,「转基因化」已成世界农业发展的大势所趋。
  刘忠堂和王小语都不否认这是一项尖端的科学技术。只是「它现在处于拔苗助长的阶段,我们应该对它的不确定性保持警觉,没有必要当国外的实验品」。王小语说。
  与王小语不同的是,刘忠堂认为,这次农业部放行三种转基因大豆进口,应该是很慎重的。「我没有查到有关这三种转基因大豆的论文和实验数据,我自己又没有充分证据证明它有害,这个时候就得相信国家。」
  食品安全专家董金狮表示,目前中国视同转基因食品是无害的,「因为在现有的条件下,没有结论证明转基因食品对人体一定有危害,但也不能证明一定无害,所以视同无害。」
  「对转基因大豆安全性的实验应该立项,由专人系统地、长时间地去研究。」刘忠堂说,在没一个最终确定的结果前,「我还是主张,餐桌上先不要吃,这样能更稳妥可靠。」
  正是在这样的争议声中,我国转基因大豆的进口数量屡创新高——1997年的288万吨很快被突破,2003年达到1100万吨,2009年、2010年、2011年、2012年的数字分别为4255万吨、5480万吨、5183万吨、5838万吨。
  未来不知还会有什么种类的转基因大豆进口,但只要安全性没有结论,争论仍会继续。
  一个省与四个国家的15年对抗
  央视网(记者李文学报道)面对来势汹汹的进口转基因大豆,国产大豆唿救声此起彼伏。黑龙江这个世界大豆源产地因有全国一半的产量而被推上了前线,阻击战早已打响。
  国产大豆自给自足的局面,在我国加入世贸组织后被迅速打破,大豆进口量迅勐增加,目前已佔国内大豆市场的3/4以上,严重冲击了国产大豆的种植、加工和销售。
  黑龙江首当其冲。自2002年起,黑龙江省就对大豆种植业以每亩10元钱的方式进行补贴,2007年5月19日又成立了省级大豆协会。
  黑龙江几乎所有的压搾企业都是天然大豆加工企业。在廉价的转基因大豆面前,有些豆企确曾动摇。黑龙江省大豆协会副秘书长王小语说,2008年,哈尔滨一家豆企买进一批转基因大豆,他获知后召集所有豆企座谈,让大家想想压搾转基因大豆的后果,最后达成共识:不进口、不加工转基因大豆。
  在转基因大豆价格远低于本土大豆价格时,黑龙江豆企仍信守共识,保存着最后一片天然大豆的净土。但是,即使所有的黑龙江豆企联合起来,也依然难以抵制进口大豆的进攻。
  为了挽救濒临死亡的国产豆企,国家发改委于2009年1月宣布,给收购国产大豆的加工企业每吨160元的补贴,以拉平进口大豆与国产大豆的价差,但加工企业必须按照每吨3740元的价格收购国产大豆。
  以收购价不低于3740元/吨测算,扣除收购补贴160元/吨,原料成本为3580元/吨,而加工进口大豆的最低成本仅有3400元/吨。而且,补贴加工企业的政策,从2010年5月1日起停止实行。
  2010年7月16日,在黑龙江省政府召开的专题会议上,大豆被作为重要议题提出来。会议提出,先行在省内实行非转基因食品强制标识,实行优质优价;组建企业集团,实现强强联合。
  虽然这次会议将大豆提升到「保证全国大豆食品安全」的高度,但黑龙江有些势单力孤。「我们是一个省对抗四个国家的转基因大豆,美国、巴西、阿根廷,还有新来的巴拉圭,可谓压力重重。」王小语说。
  与此同时,中国大豆产业协会也在推动保护区的建设。2011年6月,由中国大豆产业协会命名的「中国非转基因大豆核心保护区」在农垦九三管理局落户。这是中国首个非转基因大豆核心保护区。但是,这个保护区仅限于九三管理局,并没有覆盖黑龙江的所有大豆种植区域。
  2012年,黑龙江省多个部门、机构向全国人大和国务院有关部门,提出在黑设立非转基因保护区的建议,但被农业部否局,理由是我国目前不允许转基因作物商业化种植,没有设立非转基因保护区的必要。
  受进口转基因大豆的冲击,黑龙江大豆播种面积从最高峰2009年的7294万亩,降到了去年的3898万亩,97%的相关企业处于停产、半停产状态。这意味着,在15年的抵抗之后,黑龙江败像已露,开始从「大豆主产区」向「进口大豆销售区」转变。
  吃不吃转基因大豆产品,应给百姓选择之便
  央视网(记者李文学报道)不少专家认为,转基因作为一种新兴的生物技术手段,目前仍有不成熟和不确定性,而减少对进口转基因大豆的依赖,则既可以迴避这些不可预知的风险,又可以保护国产大豆。
  「中国有迫切的食用油需求,这就需要大量的大豆。」中国农科院专家李先德表示,中国本土耕地有限,大豆供应不足,产量有限,只能依赖进口。
  黑龙江省农科院专家刘忠堂主张,目前黑龙江大豆只有搞差异化发展战略,才有生存余地。「就是发展食用的非转基因大豆,保证20%的基本供给。」非转基因的豆制品蛋白含量高,价格也高,以此可扬长避短。
  其次是提高大豆单产。目前,国外大豆每公顷的产量是3000公斤,而我国的仅为1600公斤,有很大的提升空间。这期间需要政策支持,建立两个价格体系:一是农民种豆的效益不能低于玉米,需要补贴;二是企业收购大豆的价格不能高于进口大豆的价格,这样我们的企业和那些合资独资企业可在同一个水平线上进行竞争。
  「等我们把这个难关渡过去了,转基因大豆的安全性可能也有定论了。有问题,我们没吃;没有问题,那就更好了。」刘忠堂说。
  「我们可以通过价格带动,或其他方式,如专品种种植、专品种收购、订单农业、家庭农场等,提升单产。」黑龙江省大豆协会副秘书长王小语说,去年,黑龙江大豆产量是1280万吨,如提升1/3,就能达1600到1800万吨,再腾出种植工业玉米的土地,把南方一些撂荒的土地利用起来,就能达到2600至3000万吨,这样对进口大豆的依赖性就会降低很多,就不用进口5000多万吨了,「三四千万吨就够了」。
  王小语特别提到,粮食是战略物资,不能谁都涉足。「现在的格局是美洲种大豆,国际企业做贸易,中国加工大豆,最后中国消费者买单。」王小语说,这个格局一定要打破,要有一个由中储粮、中粮、中纺等企业组成的联合采购平台,合理确定采购成本和数量,不能让外资说了算。
  社会各界还应积极推进对转基因大豆及其产品的标识标注,重新做出更加严格的强制规定,通过强制实施规范标识,确保起到明显提示作用,使消费者有条件自主选择。这样,选择安全的国产大豆的人就多了,进口大豆自然就会减少。
  「转基因这么高端的科技不应只应用在粮食上,在其他方面也大有用武之地。」王小语说,比如可以像以色列那样培植树种,提高生长速度;培养菌群,吃掉垃圾,「这也是变相增加耕地,对粮食有利」。
  在当前不确定进口转基因大豆安全性的情况下,减少对它的依赖,无疑是最佳的自保方式。

http://news.creaders.net/headline/newsViewer.php?nid=571216&id=1273008
 
【帮转基因科学家向左使转】
Genetically-modified crop inventors win World Food Prize
GM crops now grown on more than 420 million acres in nearly 30 countries

The Associated Press
Posted: Jun 19, 2013 3:22 PM ET Last Updated: Jun 19, 2013 3:59 PM ET

Read 138 comments138
hi-852-world-food-prize-04610847.jpg

(Left to right) Robert T. Fraley and Mary-Dell Chilton of the United States, and Marc Van Montagu of Belgium were named Wednesday as winners of the 2013 World Food Prize during a ceremony in Washington, D.C. (World Food Prize Foundation)

The World Food Prize Foundation on Wednesday took the bold step of awarding this year's prize to three pioneers of plant biotechnology whose work brought the world genetically modified crops.

The private nonprofit foundation, which is in part funded by biotechnology companies, refused to shy away from the controversy surrounding genetically modified crops that organic food advocates say are harmful to people and the environment.
"If we were to be deterred by a controversy, that would diminish our prize," said the foundation's president, Kenneth Quinn, a retired U.S. diplomat.
This year's award goes to:
  • Marc Van Montagu, founder and chairman of the Institute of Plant Biotechnology Outreach at Ghent University in Belgium;
  • Mary-Dell Chilton, founder and researcher at Syngenta Biotechnology; and
  • Robert Fraley, chief technology officer at Monsanto.
Van Montagu and Chilton independently developed the technology in the 1980s to stably transfer foreign genes into plants, a discovery that set up a race to develop tools to genetically engineer plants. It allowed other scientists to incorporate genetic traits in plants to better withstand drought, extreme heat and to fight off pests and disease. Fraley was the first to successfully transfer immunity to specific bacteria into a plant.

Discoveries reported in 1983

The three scientists, who worked independently, reported the findings of their research at the 1983 Miami Winter Biochemistry Symposium. The announcements marked the beginning of a plant biotechnology era that has changed modern agriculture.

sm-250-roundup-ready-soybeans-04010167.jpg

Fraley genetically engineered the first herbicide-resistant soybean in 1996, enabling farmers to spray the herbicide Roundup on their fields without fear of killing their soybean plants. (Dan Gill/Associated Press)

Since then the use of genetically enhanced crops has spread rapidly. They are grown on more than 420 million acres in nearly 30 countries by over 17 million farmers worldwide, the foundation said. More than 90 percent are small, resource-poor farmers in developing countries.

Many U.S. farmers credited genetic modifications in corn with saving last year's crop from all but total devastation as half of the nation endured the worst drought in 60 years. Modern corn plants are more stable and can withstand a wider variety of climate conditions because of genetically improved leaves, roots and reproductive capability.
Fraley said biotechnology will enable the farming industry to meet the needs of a growing global population.

"We know we need from a demand perspective to double food production around the world in the next 30 years," he said. "The exciting thing is, we have the tools available to enable that to happen."

Public concerns remain

The selection of the three scientists to win the World Food Prize is certain to draw criticism. Some organic farmers say widespread planting of genetically modified crops could contaminate organic and traditional crops, destroying their value. Others have raised concerns about the uncharted long-term impact for people who eat products such as milk and beef from animals raised on genetically modified plants.
Van Montagu said he hopes the food prize award will help people to understand the safety of genetically modified crops.

"Everybody can have his opinion. We just have to explain to society the science fact and that is not the slightest risk has been identified. These crops are as safe if not safer than food that comes from traditional agriculture," he said. "If somebody denies that we bluntly can say they are misinformed."

Chilton said it's time to address the critics straight on.

"I've grown up with this technology and there's nothing strange about it for me," she said. "The plants we make with this technology are certainly tested so that if anything unexpected were to crop up we would catch that in the testing process."

The World Food Prize was created in 1986 by Norman Borlaug, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to fight hunger. Borlaug was honored in 1970 for work that boosted agricultural production in what has become known as the "Green Revolution."

The prize has grown in stature in recent years. The recipients are announced each year at the U.S. State Department in Washington in June. Secretary of State John Kerry delivered the keynote address at Wednesday's announcement ceremony.

Recipients will receive the prize, which includes $250,000, at a ceremony in October at the Iowa Capitol in Des Moines attended by hundreds of scholars and agribusiness leaders from around the world.

Biotech industry funding

The private, nonprofit World Food Prize Foundation has received significant funding from major biotechnology companies, and its ties to DuPont, Cargill, Monsanto, and Syngenta have drawn criticism.

Protesters from Occupy Des Moines staged civil disobedience at last year's award ceremony and several were arrested. Organizer, Frank Cordaro said the prize is corporate agriculture's way of branding themselves in the minds of the American people as the good guys feeding the hungry when they're really just interested in profit.

Quinn said Borlaug knew the work of the three recipients of this year's prize and before he died in 2009 said he hoped they would be honored with the prize for their work someday.

"It is important to note that he was very strongly in favor of recognizing biotechnology and these three people in particular," Quinn said.

© The Associated Press, 2013

http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/story/2013/06/19/technology-world-food-prize-gmo-crops.html
 
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