想另开一楼，讨论一下，最强大脑的 识别指纹 是否造假
- 主题发起人 mayo_wang
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对，一定要保证这里的MP值低于0.05
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说特异功能太玄了，博士后们无法接受。但是一般人大脑已开发的部分相对于未开发的部分非常微小，所以潜力巨大，这是科学界的共识。
看过一个研究婴儿认知能力的片子，科学家发现婴儿能够轻松识别出不同的大猩猩的脸，但由于是这项“技能”没有什么用，所以到1岁时很多婴儿的这项技能就消失了，但同时他们识别人脸特别是人的表情的能力会大大提高。。。对于某些个体而言，完全有可能存在因为一些意外而导致未能完全遵循这种一般规律的认知能力发展的道路，这意外可能是器质性的病变，也可能是后天的某些刺激等等，总之后果就是使得这类人与大多数的“常人”相比，在多个范围内的能力发展非常缓慢，而个别范围的认知能力却有超常发展－－从这个道理上来讲，雨人的存在是完全有科学依据的。
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找到了一篇介绍我上面所说的婴儿认知能力研究的文章，有兴趣的可以读一读：
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/03/0321_050321_babies_2.html
Babies Recognize Faces Better Than Adults, Study Says
Human babies start out with the ability to recognize a wide range of faces, even among races or species different from their own, according to a new study.
The researchers focused on face processing—the ability to recognize and categorize faces, determine identity and gender, and read emotions. Their findings suggest that, in humans, this skill is a case of "use it or lose it."
In the study six-month-old infants were able to recognize the faces of individuals of a different species—in this case, monkeys. Babies who received visual training retained the ability. But those with no training lost the skill by the time they were nine months old.
Led by Olivier Pascalis, a psychologist at England's University of Sheffield, the team reported their findings this week in the journalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Training Babies for Face Recognition
To study early infant abilities, Pascalis and his team first tested a group of six-month old infants by showing them a series of pictures of the faces of Barbary macaques. Parents of some of the infants then regularly showed their children photographs of six Barbary macaque faces over a period of three months. The other babies were the control group and were not shown the monkey photos again.
The infants were retested at nine months of age. When babies in the control group were shown paired photos of mankey faces, the babies looked at each picture for the same amount of time. Babies who had been regularly shown monkey pictures by their parents spent more time looking at the pictures of new, unknown monkeys.
"A standard behavioral measure of familiarity with infants in visual processing is a measure of looking time," said Michael J. Wenger, a neuroscientist at Pennsylvania State University, who was not involved in teh study.
"One of the very regular things associated with visual recognition of any kind of object with infants is that they tend to prefer novelty. If you give them a choice between a novel and a familiar stimulus, they will typically always look more at the novel stimulus."
By looking at the novel monkeys longer, the visually trained babies demonstrated the ability to discriminate between the pictures of the monkeys they knew and pictures of monkeys they'd never seen before.
The study suggests that babies are born with a broad idea of what a face is. By the time they're nine months old, though, face processing is based on a much narrower model, one that is based on the faces they see most often.
This more specialized view in turn diminishes our early ability to make distinctions among other species, and possibly other races. For instance, if an infant is exposed to mainly Asian faces, he or she will grow to become less skilled at discerning among different, say, Caucasian faces.
The authors suggest that broad exposure to other races and species in infancy may prevent that loss of ability
Taking it one step further, Pascalis, teh lead study author, noted that even adults who work with primates have trouble recognizing individual animals by their faces.
"Primatologists do recognize monkeys [based] on body posture or spots on fur but can hardly recognize them [based] on faces," he said.
Nature or Nurture?
The question remains: Are our face-processing abilities inborn, learned, or some combination of the two?
"Basically, we have very little knowledge on how an adult brain is made," Pascalis said." We know that part of the [brain's]development is genetically determined and that the environment is going to influence part of its development too. However, we don't know for which cognitive function environmental inputs are crucial nor when they are important."
Previous studies on the role of experience in brain specialization have shown that early visual experience is important to development of face-processing skills.
Wenger, the Penn State neuroscientist, said that there is a hypothesis that, among infants, "the human visual system is specialized in a physical way for the processing of faces," Wenger said.
The alternative to the human brain being hardwired for processing faces "is that we use generalized mechanisms that apply to any visual object, and that over time our face-processing skills become very good, because we get a lot of practice," he continued. "It's an incredibly messy field [of study]. You can probably find almost exactly the same number of studies that argue both sides of the question."
Changing Views of the Brain
"All of these questions intersect with what we've learned in the last 10 to 15 years. Our view of what is modifiable in terms of brain structure has changed dramatically," Wenger said. "Ten years ago the accepted wisdom was that brain maturation was done by adolescence, and that is simply not the view any longer."
Scientists now know that adults can still modify synapses and change the
functional characteristics of the cortex by learning a language, taking up a musical instrument, or undertaking other activities that are repeatedly performed.
Wenger's own research, which has been conducted in adults, leans toward a nonhardwired view. His findings suggest that we use generalized vision processes that become highly specialized with particular classes of stimuli.
According to Wenger, we see lots of faces, so we get lots of practice. Therefore, he said, we learn to discern among the types of faces we see the most—whether they be African, Caucasian, Asian, or even macaque.
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/03/0321_050321_babies_2.html
Babies Recognize Faces Better Than Adults, Study Says
Human babies start out with the ability to recognize a wide range of faces, even among races or species different from their own, according to a new study.
The researchers focused on face processing—the ability to recognize and categorize faces, determine identity and gender, and read emotions. Their findings suggest that, in humans, this skill is a case of "use it or lose it."
In the study six-month-old infants were able to recognize the faces of individuals of a different species—in this case, monkeys. Babies who received visual training retained the ability. But those with no training lost the skill by the time they were nine months old.
Led by Olivier Pascalis, a psychologist at England's University of Sheffield, the team reported their findings this week in the journalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Training Babies for Face Recognition
To study early infant abilities, Pascalis and his team first tested a group of six-month old infants by showing them a series of pictures of the faces of Barbary macaques. Parents of some of the infants then regularly showed their children photographs of six Barbary macaque faces over a period of three months. The other babies were the control group and were not shown the monkey photos again.
The infants were retested at nine months of age. When babies in the control group were shown paired photos of mankey faces, the babies looked at each picture for the same amount of time. Babies who had been regularly shown monkey pictures by their parents spent more time looking at the pictures of new, unknown monkeys.
"A standard behavioral measure of familiarity with infants in visual processing is a measure of looking time," said Michael J. Wenger, a neuroscientist at Pennsylvania State University, who was not involved in teh study.
"One of the very regular things associated with visual recognition of any kind of object with infants is that they tend to prefer novelty. If you give them a choice between a novel and a familiar stimulus, they will typically always look more at the novel stimulus."
By looking at the novel monkeys longer, the visually trained babies demonstrated the ability to discriminate between the pictures of the monkeys they knew and pictures of monkeys they'd never seen before.
The study suggests that babies are born with a broad idea of what a face is. By the time they're nine months old, though, face processing is based on a much narrower model, one that is based on the faces they see most often.
This more specialized view in turn diminishes our early ability to make distinctions among other species, and possibly other races. For instance, if an infant is exposed to mainly Asian faces, he or she will grow to become less skilled at discerning among different, say, Caucasian faces.
The authors suggest that broad exposure to other races and species in infancy may prevent that loss of ability
Taking it one step further, Pascalis, teh lead study author, noted that even adults who work with primates have trouble recognizing individual animals by their faces.
"Primatologists do recognize monkeys [based] on body posture or spots on fur but can hardly recognize them [based] on faces," he said.
Nature or Nurture?
The question remains: Are our face-processing abilities inborn, learned, or some combination of the two?
"Basically, we have very little knowledge on how an adult brain is made," Pascalis said." We know that part of the [brain's]development is genetically determined and that the environment is going to influence part of its development too. However, we don't know for which cognitive function environmental inputs are crucial nor when they are important."
Previous studies on the role of experience in brain specialization have shown that early visual experience is important to development of face-processing skills.
Wenger, the Penn State neuroscientist, said that there is a hypothesis that, among infants, "the human visual system is specialized in a physical way for the processing of faces," Wenger said.
The alternative to the human brain being hardwired for processing faces "is that we use generalized mechanisms that apply to any visual object, and that over time our face-processing skills become very good, because we get a lot of practice," he continued. "It's an incredibly messy field [of study]. You can probably find almost exactly the same number of studies that argue both sides of the question."
Changing Views of the Brain
"All of these questions intersect with what we've learned in the last 10 to 15 years. Our view of what is modifiable in terms of brain structure has changed dramatically," Wenger said. "Ten years ago the accepted wisdom was that brain maturation was done by adolescence, and that is simply not the view any longer."
Scientists now know that adults can still modify synapses and change the
functional characteristics of the cortex by learning a language, taking up a musical instrument, or undertaking other activities that are repeatedly performed.
Wenger's own research, which has been conducted in adults, leans toward a nonhardwired view. His findings suggest that we use generalized vision processes that become highly specialized with particular classes of stimuli.
According to Wenger, we see lots of faces, so we get lots of practice. Therefore, he said, we learn to discern among the types of faces we see the most—whether they be African, Caucasian, Asian, or even macaque.
