情人节的铃声(小小小说水水水楼)

阿米巴又是什么东东?跟蓝色小药丸有什么关系?

Amoeba
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Amoeba (disambiguation).
Amoeba

Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Tubulinea
Order: Tubulinida
Family: Amoebidae
Genus: Amoeba
Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1822
Species
Amoeba proteus
Amoeba (sometimes amœba or ameba, plural amoebae or amoebas) is a genus of Protozoa.[1] It is a shapeless unicellular organism.
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Anatomy
3 Genome
3.1 Osmoregulation
3.2 Amoebic cysts
4 Nutrition in amoeba
5 Video gallery
6 References
7 External links
[edit]History

The amoeba was first discovered by August Johann Rösel von Rosenhof in 1757.[2] Early naturalists referred to Amoeba as the Proteus animalcule after the Greek god Proteus, who could change his shape. The name "amibe" was given to it by Bory de Saint-Vincent,[3] from the Greek amoibè (αμοιβή), meaning change.[4] Dientamoeba fragili was first described in 1918, and was linked to harm in humans.[5]
[edit]Anatomy



Anatomy of an amoeba.
The cell's organelles and cytoplasm are enclosed by a cell membrane; it obtains its food through phagocytosis. This makes amoebae heterotrophs. Amoebae have a single large tubular pseudopod at the anterior end, and several secondary ones branching to the sides. The most famous species, Amoeba proteus, averages about 220-740 μm in length, while in motion.[6] making it a giant among amoeboids.[7] A few amoeboids belonging to different genera can grow larger, however, such as Gromia, Pelomyxa, and Chaos.
Amoebae's most recognizable features include one or more nuclei and a simple contractile vacuole to maintain osmotic equilibrium. Food enveloped by the amoeba is stored and digested in vacuoles. Amoebae, like other unicellular eukaryotic organisms, reproduce asexually via mitosis and cytokinesis, not to be confused with binary fission, which is how prokaryotes (bacteria) reproduce. In cases where the amoeba are forcibly divided, the portion that retains the nucleus will survive and form a new cell and cytoplasm, while the other portion dies. Amoebae also have no definite shape.[8]
[edit]Genome

The amoeba is remarkable for its very large genome. The species Amoeba proteus has 290 billion base pairs in its genome, while the related Polychaos dubium (formerly known as Amoeba dubia) has 670 billion base pairs. The human genome is small by contrast, with its count of 2.9 billion bases.[9]
[edit]Osmoregulation
Like most other protists, amoebas have a contractile vacuole complex. Amoeba proteus, a free-living, freshwater species of amoeba, has one contractile vacuole (CV), which is a membrane-bound organelle. The CV slowly fills with water from the cytoplasm (diastole), and, while fusing with the cell membrane, it quickly contracts releasing water to the outside (systole) by exocytosis. This process regulates the amount of water present in the cytoplasm of the amoeba; it is, therefore, a means of osmoregulation.
Immediately after the CV expels water, its membrane crumples, and soon afterwards, many small vacuoles or vesicles appear surrounding the membrane of the CV.[10] It is suggested that these vesicles split from the CV membrane itself. The small vesicles gradually increase in size as they take in water and then they fuse with the CV, which grows in size as it fills with water. Therefore, the function of these numerous small vesicles is to collect excess cytoplasmic water and channel it to the central CV. The CV swells for a number of minutes and then contracts to expel the water outside. The cycle is then repeated again
The membranes of the small vesicles as well as the membrane of the CV have aquaporin proteins embedded in them.[10] These transmembrane proteins facilitate water passage through the membranes. The presence of aquaporin proteins in both CV and the small vesicles suggests that water collection occurs both through the CV membrane itself as well as through the function of the vesicles. However, the vesicles, being more numerous and smaller, would allow a faster water uptake due to the larger total surface area provided by the vesicles.[10]
The small vesicles also have another protein embedded in its membrane: Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase or V-ATPase.[10] This ATPase pumps H+ ions into the vesicle lumen, lowering its pH with respect to the cytosol. However, the pH of the CV in some amoebas is only mildly acidic, suggesting that the H+ ions are being removed from the CV or from the vesicles. It is thought that the electrochemical gradient generated by V-ATPase might be used for the transport of ions (it is presumed K+ and Cl-) into the vesicles. This builds an osmotic gradient across the vesicle membrane, leading to influx of water from the cytosol into the vesicles by osmosis,[10] which is facilitated by aquaporins.
Since these vesicles fuse with the central contractile vacuole, which expels the water, ions end up being removed from the cell, which is not beneficial for a freshwater organism. The removal of ions with the water has to be compensated by some yet-unidentified mechanism.
Like most cells, amoebae are adversely affected by excessive osmotic pressure caused by extremely saline or dilute water. Amoebae will prevent the influx of salt in saline water, resulting in a net loss of water as the cell becomes isotonic with the environment, causing the cell to shrink. Placed into fresh water, amoebae will also attempt to match the concentration of the surrounding water, causing the cell to swell and sometimes burst if the water surrounding the amoeba is too dilute.[11]
[edit]Amoebic cysts
Main article: Microbial cyst
In environments that are potentially lethal to the cell, an amoeba may become dormant by forming itself into a ball and secreting a protective membrane to become a microbial cyst. The cell remains in this state until it encounters more favourable conditions.[8] While in cyst form the amoeba will not replicate and may die if unable to emerge for a lengthy period of time.
[edit]Nutrition in amoeba

Amoeba obtains its nutrition in a heterotrophic mode. Both the anabolic and catabolic functions are carried out in the same cell. Amoeba feeds on plankton and diatoms present in water. It can form arm- like structures called pseudopodia, extending from any part of its body as it is shapeless. When it senses food in its surroundings it extends its pseudopodia in that direction and moves towards it. Then it engulfs the food with its pseudopodia. When the food enters its body the amoeba forms a food vacuole around it which contains certain enzymes to digest the food. When the food is digested the unwanted waste is released through its body surface.
 
举报,又有人恶意刷屏骗钱~~~:p

Amoeba
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Amoeba (disambiguation).
Amoeba

Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Tubulinea
Order: Tubulinida
Family: Amoebidae
Genus: Amoeba
Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1822
Species
Amoeba proteus
Amoeba (sometimes amœba or ameba, plural amoebae or amoebas) is a genus of Protozoa.[1] It is a shapeless unicellular organism.
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Anatomy
3 Genome
3.1 Osmoregulation
3.2 Amoebic cysts
4 Nutrition in amoeba
5 Video gallery
6 References
7 External links
[edit]History

The amoeba was first discovered by August Johann Rösel von Rosenhof in 1757.[2] Early naturalists referred to Amoeba as the Proteus animalcule after the Greek god Proteus, who could change his shape. The name "amibe" was given to it by Bory de Saint-Vincent,[3] from the Greek amoibè (αμοιβή), meaning change.[4] Dientamoeba fragili was first described in 1918, and was linked to harm in humans.[5]
[edit]Anatomy



Anatomy of an amoeba.
The cell's organelles and cytoplasm are enclosed by a cell membrane; it obtains its food through phagocytosis. This makes amoebae heterotrophs. Amoebae have a single large tubular pseudopod at the anterior end, and several secondary ones branching to the sides. The most famous species, Amoeba proteus, averages about 220-740 μm in length, while in motion.[6] making it a giant among amoeboids.[7] A few amoeboids belonging to different genera can grow larger, however, such as Gromia, Pelomyxa, and Chaos.
Amoebae's most recognizable features include one or more nuclei and a simple contractile vacuole to maintain osmotic equilibrium. Food enveloped by the amoeba is stored and digested in vacuoles. Amoebae, like other unicellular eukaryotic organisms, reproduce asexually via mitosis and cytokinesis, not to be confused with binary fission, which is how prokaryotes (bacteria) reproduce. In cases where the amoeba are forcibly divided, the portion that retains the nucleus will survive and form a new cell and cytoplasm, while the other portion dies. Amoebae also have no definite shape.[8]
[edit]Genome

The amoeba is remarkable for its very large genome. The species Amoeba proteus has 290 billion base pairs in its genome, while the related Polychaos dubium (formerly known as Amoeba dubia) has 670 billion base pairs. The human genome is small by contrast, with its count of 2.9 billion bases.[9]
[edit]Osmoregulation
Like most other protists, amoebas have a contractile vacuole complex. Amoeba proteus, a free-living, freshwater species of amoeba, has one contractile vacuole (CV), which is a membrane-bound organelle. The CV slowly fills with water from the cytoplasm (diastole), and, while fusing with the cell membrane, it quickly contracts releasing water to the outside (systole) by exocytosis. This process regulates the amount of water present in the cytoplasm of the amoeba; it is, therefore, a means of osmoregulation.
Immediately after the CV expels water, its membrane crumples, and soon afterwards, many small vacuoles or vesicles appear surrounding the membrane of the CV.[10] It is suggested that these vesicles split from the CV membrane itself. The small vesicles gradually increase in size as they take in water and then they fuse with the CV, which grows in size as it fills with water. Therefore, the function of these numerous small vesicles is to collect excess cytoplasmic water and channel it to the central CV. The CV swells for a number of minutes and then contracts to expel the water outside. The cycle is then repeated again
The membranes of the small vesicles as well as the membrane of the CV have aquaporin proteins embedded in them.[10] These transmembrane proteins facilitate water passage through the membranes. The presence of aquaporin proteins in both CV and the small vesicles suggests that water collection occurs both through the CV membrane itself as well as through the function of the vesicles. However, the vesicles, being more numerous and smaller, would allow a faster water uptake due to the larger total surface area provided by the vesicles.[10]
The small vesicles also have another protein embedded in its membrane: Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase or V-ATPase.[10] This ATPase pumps H+ ions into the vesicle lumen, lowering its pH with respect to the cytosol. However, the pH of the CV in some amoebas is only mildly acidic, suggesting that the H+ ions are being removed from the CV or from the vesicles. It is thought that the electrochemical gradient generated by V-ATPase might be used for the transport of ions (it is presumed K+ and Cl-) into the vesicles. This builds an osmotic gradient across the vesicle membrane, leading to influx of water from the cytosol into the vesicles by osmosis,[10] which is facilitated by aquaporins.
Since these vesicles fuse with the central contractile vacuole, which expels the water, ions end up being removed from the cell, which is not beneficial for a freshwater organism. The removal of ions with the water has to be compensated by some yet-unidentified mechanism.
Like most cells, amoebae are adversely affected by excessive osmotic pressure caused by extremely saline or dilute water. Amoebae will prevent the influx of salt in saline water, resulting in a net loss of water as the cell becomes isotonic with the environment, causing the cell to shrink. Placed into fresh water, amoebae will also attempt to match the concentration of the surrounding water, causing the cell to swell and sometimes burst if the water surrounding the amoeba is too dilute.[11]
[edit]Amoebic cysts
Main article: Microbial cyst
In environments that are potentially lethal to the cell, an amoeba may become dormant by forming itself into a ball and secreting a protective membrane to become a microbial cyst. The cell remains in this state until it encounters more favourable conditions.[8] While in cyst form the amoeba will not replicate and may die if unable to emerge for a lengthy period of time.
[edit]Nutrition in amoeba

Amoeba obtains its nutrition in a heterotrophic mode. Both the anabolic and catabolic functions are carried out in the same cell. Amoeba feeds on plankton and diatoms present in water. It can form arm- like structures called pseudopodia, extending from any part of its body as it is shapeless. When it senses food in its surroundings it extends its pseudopodia in that direction and moves towards it. Then it engulfs the food with its pseudopodia. When the food enters its body the amoeba forms a food vacuole around it which contains certain enzymes to digest the food. When the food is digested the unwanted waste is released through its body surface.
 
难道是蓝色小药丸吃多了。。。。就成那样了?:blink:那要给烦哥提个醒倒是,呵呵:D

阿米巴原虫属肉足鞭毛门(Sarcomastiugophora)、叶足纲(Lobosasida)、阿米巴目(Amoebida)。由于生活环境不同可分为内阿米巴和自由生活阿米巴,前者寄生于人和动物,主要有4个属,即内阿米巴属(Entamoeba)、内蜒属(Endolimax)、嗜碘阿米巴属(Iodamoeba)和脆双核阿米巴属(Dientamoeba);后者生活在水和泥土中,偶尔侵入动物机体,主要有5个属,即耐格里属(Naegleria)、棘阿米巴属(Acanthamoeba)、哈曼属(Hartmannella)、Vablkampfia属和Sappinia属。

目录

单细胞动物
游戏王中卡片
引申义
阿米巴管理哲学
展开
编辑本段
单细胞动物

简介
  现已知内阿米巴属的溶组织内阿米巴会引发阿米巴痢疾和肝脓肿,耐格里属和棘阿米巴属主要引起脑膜脑炎、角膜炎、口腔感染和皮肤损伤等。临床上,溶组织内阿米巴引发的病例多,感染面广,危害大。 世界各地的水、空气和土壤都存在自由生活的阿米巴,过去认为与人体致病无关。
  1965年以后陆续发现一种阿米巴性脑膜脑炎,病死率很高。目前已知致病性自由生活阿米巴(pathogenic free-living amoebae)引起的人脑膜脑炎有两类:即由纳格里属(Naegleria)阿米巴引起的原发性阿米巴脑膜脑炎(Primary amoebic meningoence phalitis,PAM)和棘阿米巴属(Acanthamoeba)引起的肉芽肿性阿米巴脑炎(Granulomatous amebic encephalitis,GAE)。
形态
  (一)纳格里属滋养体长椭圆形,平均大小为22*7微米,从一端伸出奔放式伪足,运动快速。胞质颗粒状,内含数个水泡(water vacuole)和伸缩泡。染色可见一大核,核仁大,核仁与核膜间呈一透明圈。滋养体在36℃蒸馏水中几小时,可转变为梨形、具有2~4根鞭毛的鞭毛型。鞭毛型为暂时形式,24小时后转变为阿米巴型。包囊圆形,直径约9微米,囊壁光滑有孔或无孔。胞核同滋养体。在组织中未见包囊。
  (二)棘阿米巴属滋养体长椭圆形或圆形,直径为10~46微米。活动时缓慢滑行。本虫特征为虫体表面有尖而透明的棘状突起有叶状伪足和丝状伪足两种。胞质细粒状,核与纳格里属相似。无鞭毛型。包囊圆形,9~27微米,囊壁两层,外层皱折不平,内层光滑呈多边形。内外层接触处有小孔。胞核一个。
生活史
  自由生活阿米巴生活于水、泥土或腐败有机物中,滋养体以细菌为主,二分裂方式增殖,并可形成包囊。福氏纳格里原虫(N.fowlere)的阿米巴型可以成囊,但鞭毛型则不能。
  福氏纳格里阿米巴为嗜热性,其滋养体在37—45℃时生长最佳,0~4℃迅速死亡。包囊抵抗力较强,在51—65℃8个月仍有活力,在-20℃能生存4个月以上。包囊还能耐受高浓度游离氯。
致病性
  人在江河湖塘中游泳或用疫水洗鼻时,含纳格里阿米巴进入鼻腔,增殖后穿过鼻粘膜和筛状板,沿嗅神经上行入脑,侵人中枢神经系统(CNS),引起原发性阿米巴脑膜脑炎(PAM)。其侵袭力可能主要由于产生毒素或溶细胞物质增强吞噬活动,虫体表面磷酸脂酶A和溶酶体酶促使发病。原发性阿米巴脑膜脑炎发病急骤,病情发展迅速。开始有头痛、发热、呕吐等症状,迅速转入谵妄、瘫痪、昏迷,最快可在一周内死亡。其损害主要表现为急性广泛的出血性坏死性脑膜脑炎,在脑脊液和病灶组织中有大量滋养体。宿主的易感因素可能存在缺乏IgA,因而粘膜的防御功能受到削弱所致。棘阿米巴的分布更广泛,在呼吸道分泌物中常可发现。病变原发部位在皮肤或眼、肺、胃、肠和耳等引起炎症和肉芽肿,在宿主免疫抑制或减弱情况下,可能经血源传播到中枢神经系统而引起肉芽肿性阿米巴脑炎(GAE)。其损害多为慢性肉芽肿性病变;因此病程较长, 可达18-120天。有少数病程呈急性,在10~14天内死亡。神经系统体征显示局灶性单侧损害,有严重的局灶性坏死和水肿。病人头痛、发热呕吐、颈强直、眩晕、嗜睡、精神错乱、共济失调直至昏迷和死亡。但棘阿米巴未转移至脑的一般不致命,少数可自愈。
实验诊断
  临床上有急性脑膜刺激症状。并有河水接触史或游泳史、应怀疑本病。脑脊液呈脓性或血性,应生理盐水涂片镜检阿米巴原虫即可确诊。取脑脊液或病变组织进行培养或动物接种,或采用免疫诊断可提供诊断依据,但只能用于慢性病例。尸体剖检对本病的确诊有重要意义。
  棘阿米巴引起的肉芽肿性阿米巴脑炎的诊断较困难,因在脑脊液中均未发现滋养体,所以需要做病灶活检和组织学检查。
  流行与防治本病呈世界性分布,已有病例报告的国家有:澳大利亚、新西兰、美国、巴拿马、波多黎各、委内端拉、巴西、北爱尔兰、比利时、捷克、尼日利亚、乌干达、赞比亚、印度、朝鲜和中国。原发性阿米巴脑膜脑炎己超过130例,肉芽肿性阿米巴脑炎至少已有30例。中国月前正式报告已有两例。原发性阿米巴脑膜脑炎多发生于健康的儿童和青年,都有近期游泳史,在夏季高温季节多见。肉芽肿性阿米巴脑炎多发生于免疫抑制病人,感染前有头或眼部受伤史或其它诱因。无明显发病季节。
  治疗尚缺乏理想药物,两性霉素B( amphotericin B) 和磺胺可能有一定疗效。预防也缺乏有效措施,加强水源检查,进行水体消毒,避免接触疫水(30℃以上疫水更要注意)可以防止感染。此外加强锻炼,注意营养,增强机体免疫力也很重要。
相关案例
  一种生活在湖泊中的微生物能钻入游泳者鼻孔,进入大脑“蚕食”脑细胞,导致病人脑死亡,被称作“杀人虫”。这种“杀人虫”今年已在美国夺命6条,引起美卫生官员重视。他们担心,更多人可能因其丧命。
  “蚕食”大脑
  据美国疾病控制和预防中心介绍,“杀人虫”是一种名叫“福氏纳格里”的变形虫,“生活”在湖泊、温泉甚至卫生状况糟糕的游泳池内,主要靠吃海藻以及湖泊沉积物滋生的细菌为生。
  中心从事与游泳有关疾病研究的专家迈克尔·比奇说,前往湖泊游泳的人在趟过较浅水域时,容易搅动湖泊底部沉积物。如果他们继续前行到达较深的水域,这种变形虫就可能从鼻孔“乘虚而入”,进而附着在嗅觉神经上。
  他说,变形虫会“一路”破坏神经组织,直到“抵达”大脑。随后便开始“蚕食”脑细胞,直至病人死亡。
  他介绍说,病人早期通常会出现颈部僵硬、头痛以及发热等症状。晚期则呈现出幻觉以及行为异常等一系列脑损伤症状。最可怕的是,绝大多数病人一旦患病,生存希望十分渺茫。
  悲剧频发
  疾病控制和预防中心提供的数据显示,这种疾病上世纪60年代首次“现身”澳大利亚,全球感染病例至今不过数百例。
  全美1995年至2004年10年间共有23人死于这种疾病。但今年还未过完,就有6人因此丧命。
  亚利桑那州年仅14岁的少年阿伦·埃文斯今年9月8日前往科罗拉多河上著名的哈瓦苏湖游泳,9天后就被这种变形虫病夺走了生命。
  虽然研究人员还不能确定感染者中儿童居多、男孩多于女孩的原因,但他们担心,这种疾病可能夺走更多人性命。
  “这种变形虫喜欢温暖的环境。随着近年来水温不断上升,它的繁殖能力将会变强,”比奇说,“由于水温持续升高,我们今后可能会碰到更多这样的病例。”
  鉴于这一情况,美国各州卫生部门已经开始采取行动,应对变形虫病进一步发展的潜在威胁。
编辑本段
游戏王中卡片

  卡片PASS:95174353
  卡包编号:BE 1,MR,DL 1
  罕贵程度:平卡N
  日文卡名:アメーバ
  美英卡名:Ameba
  中文卡名:阿米巴
  卡片种族:水
  卡片属性:水
  卡片星级:1 ★
  攻击力度:300
  防御力度:350
  卡片类型:效果怪兽
  效果说明:场上的打开表示的这张卡的控制权移给对方的时候,对方基本分受到2000分的伤害。只要这张卡打开表示存在,这个效果只能使用一次。
编辑本段
引申义

  在著名的日本漫画《灌篮高手》中,彩子曾经称单纯的流川枫为阿米巴原虫,因为他单纯的就像单细胞生物一样。
  所以阿米巴原虫也指傻傻的单纯的人。
编辑本段
阿米巴管理哲学

  京瓷公司创始人稻盛和夫相信“现场有神灵”、“答案永远在现场”。白手起家、创立了两家世界500强公司的稻盛和夫,被尊为日本“经营之圣”。
  变形虫灵活易变的特性启发了稻盛和夫。他独创了一套组织管理机制——阿米巴经营,这是一种独特的管理会计体系。它将公司组织分为一个个的“阿米巴”小集体,各个小集体就像是一家家的中小企业,在保持活力的同时,以“单位时间核算”这种独特的经营指标为基础,彻底追求附加价值的最大化。京瓷公司有1000多个阿米巴,利润中心下沉。意在最大限度地释放员工的现场创造力,把大公司的规模和小公司的好处统揽于一身。
  一个订单来了,三五个人,二三十个人,甚至100多个人,组成一个行动组(项目组),由这个小组独立开发、落实生产、再交付客户。这个过程完结,这个组织也就解散了。一个人可以参加多个阿米巴组织,在一个项目组里可以当头,在另外一个项目组里可以当兵。员工的多能性,是阿米巴组织的基础。阿米巴组织可以使每个人最大限度地接近一线,减少了层级官僚气息。公司的考核指标直接落实到大大小小的项目组。考核指标里最重要的是毛利指标,利润中心尽量下沉,是阿米巴组织存在的体制保证。
  “阿米巴”制度的目的主要有三:一是尽量减少冗员,有效应对环境变化;二是通过扁平的组织,加强沟通,减少官僚主义,提高员工能动性;三是培养“地头力”人才。
  每个“阿米巴”都是独立核算单位,它们既可以在公司内,也可以在公司外销售和采购,而在公司内的交易是完全按市场价格计算的。因此,为了生存,它们必须尽量降低产品或服务的成本。这种机制对各个“阿米巴”都是一种压力,不过对于“阿米巴”的负责人,在“阿米巴”运作过程中,他们的管理能力也得到了很好的锻炼。他们不仅要设法赢得“阿米巴”成员的信任和支持,还要做出诸如生产、销售定价以及确定“阿米巴”自身合理规模等方面的决定,要对“阿米巴”的运作、组织和成败负责。
  在实际运作过程中,协调显得非常重要,因为如果“阿米巴”之间缺乏必要的协调,京瓷的整个组织就会产生无序竞争。为避免这种情况,京瓷下了很大工夫进行企业哲学方面的教育,让“阿米巴”负责人和成员都认识到企业整体目标高于各“阿米巴”的利益,不至于因相互竞争而影响企业整体目标的实现。除此之外,每个事业部都设有总部行政管理部门,为各个“阿米巴”提供必要的支持和服务。一旦“阿米巴”之间出现矛盾,他们就要进行讨论并协商解决办法,只有在仍未能达成一致时,他们的上一级部门才会插手进行调解。
  日本公司跨国并购整合一般都遇到困难,而京瓷公司跨国并购都很成功,其秘诀也在于广泛启用“阿米巴”组织形式。这种组织的最大好处是,一切问题的答案都在现场。本来不同国家的员工有经验和文化上的冲突,常常对同一件事产生不一样的认识。如果是在会议室里讨论,各说各有理,永远也争论不休。而京瓷公司的“阿米巴”组织,则把不同立场和见解消除在现场。
 
橄榄树是不是三毛唱的?

不要问我从哪里来。。。
 
楼上的长篇,有谁看了,总结下中心思想给我看看~~~~
 
靠,要发财大家一起发,引用下~~~~


[=阿米巴;7370423]阿米巴原虫属肉足鞭毛门(Sarcomastiugophora)、叶足纲(Lobosasida)、阿米巴目(Amoebida)。由于生活环境不同可分为内阿米巴和自由生活阿米巴,前者寄生于人和动物,主要有4个属,即内阿米巴属(Entamoeba)、内蜒属(Endolimax)、嗜碘阿米巴属(Iodamoeba)和脆双核阿米巴属(Dientamoeba);后者生活在水和泥土中,偶尔侵入动物机体,主要有5个属,即耐格里属(Naegleria)、棘阿米巴属(Acanthamoeba)、哈曼属(Hartmannella)、Vablkampfia属和Sappinia属。

目录

单细胞动物
游戏王中卡片
引申义
阿米巴管理哲学
展开
编辑本段
单细胞动物

简介
  现已知内阿米巴属的溶组织内阿米巴会引发阿米巴痢疾和肝脓肿,耐格里属和棘阿米巴属主要引起脑膜脑炎、角膜炎、口腔感染和皮肤损伤等。临床上,溶组织内阿米巴引发的病例多,感染面广,危害大。 世界各地的水、空气和土壤都存在自由生活的阿米巴,过去认为与人体致病无关。
  1965年以后陆续发现一种阿米巴性脑膜脑炎,病死率很高。目前已知致病性自由生活阿米巴(pathogenic free-living amoebae)引起的人脑膜脑炎有两类:即由纳格里属(Naegleria)阿米巴引起的原发性阿米巴脑膜脑炎(Primary amoebic meningoence phalitis,PAM)和棘阿米巴属(Acanthamoeba)引起的肉芽肿性阿米巴脑炎(Granulomatous amebic encephalitis,GAE)。
形态
  (一)纳格里属滋养体长椭圆形,平均大小为22*7微米,从一端伸出奔放式伪足,运动快速。胞质颗粒状,内含数个水泡(water vacuole)和伸缩泡。染色可见一大核,核仁大,核仁与核膜间呈一透明圈。滋养体在36℃蒸馏水中几小时,可转变为梨形、具有2~4根鞭毛的鞭毛型。鞭毛型为暂时形式,24小时后转变为阿米巴型。包囊圆形,直径约9微米,囊壁光滑有孔或无孔。胞核同滋养体。在组织中未见包囊。
  (二)棘阿米巴属滋养体长椭圆形或圆形,直径为10~46微米。活动时缓慢滑行。本虫特征为虫体表面有尖而透明的棘状突起有叶状伪足和丝状伪足两种。胞质细粒状,核与纳格里属相似。无鞭毛型。包囊圆形,9~27微米,囊壁两层,外层皱折不平,内层光滑呈多边形。内外层接触处有小孔。胞核一个。
生活史
  自由生活阿米巴生活于水、泥土或腐败有机物中,滋养体以细菌为主,二分裂方式增殖,并可形成包囊。福氏纳格里原虫(N.fowlere)的阿米巴型可以成囊,但鞭毛型则不能。
  福氏纳格里阿米巴为嗜热性,其滋养体在37—45℃时生长最佳,0~4℃迅速死亡。包囊抵抗力较强,在51—65℃8个月仍有活力,在-20℃能生存4个月以上。包囊还能耐受高浓度游离氯。
致病性
  人在江河湖塘中游泳或用疫水洗鼻时,含纳格里阿米巴进入鼻腔,增殖后穿过鼻粘膜和筛状板,沿嗅神经上行入脑,侵人中枢神经系统(CNS),引起原发性阿米巴脑膜脑炎(PAM)。其侵袭力可能主要由于产生毒素或溶细胞物质增强吞噬活动,虫体表面磷酸脂酶A和溶酶体酶促使发病。原发性阿米巴脑膜脑炎发病急骤,病情发展迅速。开始有头痛、发热、呕吐等症状,迅速转入谵妄、瘫痪、昏迷,最快可在一周内死亡。其损害主要表现为急性广泛的出血性坏死性脑膜脑炎,在脑脊液和病灶组织中有大量滋养体。宿主的易感因素可能存在缺乏IgA,因而粘膜的防御功能受到削弱所致。棘阿米巴的分布更广泛,在呼吸道分泌物中常可发现。病变原发部位在皮肤或眼、肺、胃、肠和耳等引起炎症和肉芽肿,在宿主免疫抑制或减弱情况下,可能经血源传播到中枢神经系统而引起肉芽肿性阿米巴脑炎(GAE)。其损害多为慢性肉芽肿性病变;因此病程较长, 可达18-120天。有少数病程呈急性,在10~14天内死亡。神经系统体征显示局灶性单侧损害,有严重的局灶性坏死和水肿。病人头痛、发热呕吐、颈强直、眩晕、嗜睡、精神错乱、共济失调直至昏迷和死亡。但棘阿米巴未转移至脑的一般不致命,少数可自愈。
实验诊断
  临床上有急性脑膜刺激症状。并有河水接触史或游泳史、应怀疑本病。脑脊液呈脓性或血性,应生理盐水涂片镜检阿米巴原虫即可确诊。取脑脊液或病变组织进行培养或动物接种,或采用免疫诊断可提供诊断依据,但只能用于慢性病例。尸体剖检对本病的确诊有重要意义。
  棘阿米巴引起的肉芽肿性阿米巴脑炎的诊断较困难,因在脑脊液中均未发现滋养体,所以需要做病灶活检和组织学检查。
  流行与防治本病呈世界性分布,已有病例报告的国家有:澳大利亚、新西兰、美国、巴拿马、波多黎各、委内端拉、巴西、北爱尔兰、比利时、捷克、尼日利亚、乌干达、赞比亚、印度、朝鲜和中国。原发性阿米巴脑膜脑炎己超过130例,肉芽肿性阿米巴脑炎至少已有30例。中国月前正式报告已有两例。原发性阿米巴脑膜脑炎多发生于健康的儿童和青年,都有近期游泳史,在夏季高温季节多见。肉芽肿性阿米巴脑炎多发生于免疫抑制病人,感染前有头或眼部受伤史或其它诱因。无明显发病季节。
  治疗尚缺乏理想药物,两性霉素B( amphotericin B) 和磺胺可能有一定疗效。预防也缺乏有效措施,加强水源检查,进行水体消毒,避免接触疫水(30℃以上疫水更要注意)可以防止感染。此外加强锻炼,注意营养,增强机体免疫力也很重要。
相关案例
  一种生活在湖泊中的微生物能钻入游泳者鼻孔,进入大脑“蚕食”脑细胞,导致病人脑死亡,被称作“杀人虫”。这种“杀人虫”今年已在美国夺命6条,引起美卫生官员重视。他们担心,更多人可能因其丧命。
  “蚕食”大脑
  据美国疾病控制和预防中心介绍,“杀人虫”是一种名叫“福氏纳格里”的变形虫,“生活”在湖泊、温泉甚至卫生状况糟糕的游泳池内,主要靠吃海藻以及湖泊沉积物滋生的细菌为生。
  中心从事与游泳有关疾病研究的专家迈克尔·比奇说,前往湖泊游泳的人在趟过较浅水域时,容易搅动湖泊底部沉积物。如果他们继续前行到达较深的水域,这种变形虫就可能从鼻孔“乘虚而入”,进而附着在嗅觉神经上。
  他说,变形虫会“一路”破坏神经组织,直到“抵达”大脑。随后便开始“蚕食”脑细胞,直至病人死亡。
  他介绍说,病人早期通常会出现颈部僵硬、头痛以及发热等症状。晚期则呈现出幻觉以及行为异常等一系列脑损伤症状。最可怕的是,绝大多数病人一旦患病,生存希望十分渺茫。
  悲剧频发
  疾病控制和预防中心提供的数据显示,这种疾病上世纪60年代首次“现身”澳大利亚,全球感染病例至今不过数百例。
  全美1995年至2004年10年间共有23人死于这种疾病。但今年还未过完,就有6人因此丧命。
  亚利桑那州年仅14岁的少年阿伦·埃文斯今年9月8日前往科罗拉多河上著名的哈瓦苏湖游泳,9天后就被这种变形虫病夺走了生命。
  虽然研究人员还不能确定感染者中儿童居多、男孩多于女孩的原因,但他们担心,这种疾病可能夺走更多人性命。
  “这种变形虫喜欢温暖的环境。随着近年来水温不断上升,它的繁殖能力将会变强,”比奇说,“由于水温持续升高,我们今后可能会碰到更多这样的病例。”
  鉴于这一情况,美国各州卫生部门已经开始采取行动,应对变形虫病进一步发展的潜在威胁。
编辑本段
游戏王中卡片

  卡片PASS:95174353
  卡包编号:BE 1,MR,DL 1
  罕贵程度:平卡N
  日文卡名:アメーバ
  美英卡名:Ameba
  中文卡名:阿米巴
  卡片种族:水
  卡片属性:水
  卡片星级:1 ★
  攻击力度:300
  防御力度:350
  卡片类型:效果怪兽
  效果说明:场上的打开表示的这张卡的控制权移给对方的时候,对方基本分受到2000分的伤害。只要这张卡打开表示存在,这个效果只能使用一次。
编辑本段
引申义

  在著名的日本漫画《灌篮高手》中,彩子曾经称单纯的流川枫为阿米巴原虫,因为他单纯的就像单细胞生物一样。
  所以阿米巴原虫也指傻傻的单纯的人。
编辑本段
阿米巴管理哲学

  京瓷公司创始人稻盛和夫相信“现场有神灵”、“答案永远在现场”。白手起家、创立了两家世界500强公司的稻盛和夫,被尊为日本“经营之圣”。
  变形虫灵活易变的特性启发了稻盛和夫。他独创了一套组织管理机制——阿米巴经营,这是一种独特的管理会计体系。它将公司组织分为一个个的“阿米巴”小集体,各个小集体就像是一家家的中小企业,在保持活力的同时,以“单位时间核算”这种独特的经营指标为基础,彻底追求附加价值的最大化。京瓷公司有1000多个阿米巴,利润中心下沉。意在最大限度地释放员工的现场创造力,把大公司的规模和小公司的好处统揽于一身。
  一个订单来了,三五个人,二三十个人,甚至100多个人,组成一个行动组(项目组),由这个小组独立开发、落实生产、再交付客户。这个过程完结,这个组织也就解散了。一个人可以参加多个阿米巴组织,在一个项目组里可以当头,在另外一个项目组里可以当兵。员工的多能性,是阿米巴组织的基础。阿米巴组织可以使每个人最大限度地接近一线,减少了层级官僚气息。公司的考核指标直接落实到大大小小的项目组。考核指标里最重要的是毛利指标,利润中心尽量下沉,是阿米巴组织存在的体制保证。
  “阿米巴”制度的目的主要有三:一是尽量减少冗员,有效应对环境变化;二是通过扁平的组织,加强沟通,减少官僚主义,提高员工能动性;三是培养“地头力”人才。
  每个“阿米巴”都是独立核算单位,它们既可以在公司内,也可以在公司外销售和采购,而在公司内的交易是完全按市场价格计算的。因此,为了生存,它们必须尽量降低产品或服务的成本。这种机制对各个“阿米巴”都是一种压力,不过对于“阿米巴”的负责人,在“阿米巴”运作过程中,他们的管理能力也得到了很好的锻炼。他们不仅要设法赢得“阿米巴”成员的信任和支持,还要做出诸如生产、销售定价以及确定“阿米巴”自身合理规模等方面的决定,要对“阿米巴”的运作、组织和成败负责。
  在实际运作过程中,协调显得非常重要,因为如果“阿米巴”之间缺乏必要的协调,京瓷的整个组织就会产生无序竞争。为避免这种情况,京瓷下了很大工夫进行企业哲学方面的教育,让“阿米巴”负责人和成员都认识到企业整体目标高于各“阿米巴”的利益,不至于因相互竞争而影响企业整体目标的实现。除此之外,每个事业部都设有总部行政管理部门,为各个“阿米巴”提供必要的支持和服务。一旦“阿米巴”之间出现矛盾,他们就要进行讨论并协商解决办法,只有在仍未能达成一致时,他们的上一级部门才会插手进行调解。
  日本公司跨国并购整合一般都遇到困难,而京瓷公司跨国并购都很成功,其秘诀也在于广泛启用“阿米巴”组织形式。这种组织的最大好处是,一切问题的答案都在现场。本来不同国家的员工有经验和文化上的冲突,常常对同一件事产生不一样的认识。如果是在会议室里讨论,各说各有理,永远也争论不休。而京瓷公司的“阿米巴”组织,则把不同立场和见解消除在现场。[/QUOTE]
 
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