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美国名校做性病人体实验被起诉 直接向儿童注射梅毒
时间：2015-04-04
4月2日，全球顶级私立大学、美国第一所研究型高校——约翰·霍普金斯大学，本周被750多人联名告上法庭，称该校参与了20世纪40至50年代在危地马拉进行的美国政府医学实验，令当事人在不知情的状况下被故意感染上性传播疾病，其中包括儿童、囚犯、妓女和精神病患者。
约翰·霍普金斯医学院
这项1日在巴尔的摩提交的起诉，原告超过750名研究对象，涉及感染了梅毒和淋病的个人、配偶和受害者的子女，索赔金额高达10亿美元。同案被告还包括约翰·霍普金斯医院(约翰·霍普金斯医院是约翰霍普金斯大学医学院的附属医院，为全美排名第一的医院)、公共卫生学院、洛克菲勒基金会以及必治妥施贵宝药厂(Bristol-MyersSquibb)等。
1945年到1956年之间，1500多名研究对象在危地马拉接受一项秘密医学实验，实验的目的是证明盘尼西林可以治愈或者控制性传播疾病。
在实验过程中，研究人员先让一批妓女感染梅毒或淋病，让她们去服务军人以及囚犯，借此来散播性病。还有一些孤儿、小孩和精神病患，也在不知情的状况下，成为实验对象，为了达成特定目标，他们被延误治疗。
约翰·霍普金斯大学用“可悲”和“不合情理”来形容这项实验，但宣称被害人搞错了对象，因为这是美国联邦政府的实验。大学发言人称，这个官司是原告律师企图利用一个历史性的悲剧获取金钱。
然而原告律师却表示，他们有足够的证据表明校方“了解”这项实验的目的、方法、以及实验的范畴。并且受害者在不知情的情况下被迫参加实验，又因为实验而延误了治疗时机。美国政府有意识将实验在危地马拉进行就是为了将此实验设立在美国本土以外，以避免可能的起诉纠纷
实验的结果造成一些人死于梅毒，幸存者声称他们将疾病传给了子女，很多孩子生下来失明、严重残疾，至少有一个案例中的婴儿没有大脑。
据估计，约75%的被感染者接受了治疗，而只有25%完成了治疗。
受害者之一的奥雷利亚纳(MartaOrellana)回忆说，自己在孤儿院时奉命去医务室，被扎手指感染了梅毒，当时年仅9岁。几周后，她被叫去从脊柱抽取黄色的液体。研究结束后，她还见到一名医生欲绑架她继续实验。
受害者奥雷利亚纳
美国政府直到2010年才承认这个实验。时任危地马拉总统的科洛姆谴责这一梅毒实验是“反人类罪”。美国总统奥巴马以及当时的国务卿希拉里和卫生部长都为此道歉。
4年前，受害人曾控告8名这项研究中的美国政府官员，但一位联邦法官以美国政府对境外发生的事没有责任为由，驳回了诉讼。
Guatemalans deliberately infected with STDs sue Johns Hopkins
By Ralph Ellis, CNN
Updated 9:34 PM ET, Sat April 4, 2015
2011: Report released on government STD study 03:30
Story highlights
Scientists studied poor African-Americans in Alabama who'd contracted the venereal disease but didn't tell them they had the disease or do anything to cure them.
A lawsuit filed this week alleges Johns Hopkins University and the Rockefeller Foundation helped conduct a similar study in Guatemala from 1945 to 1956.
Orphans, inmates, psychiatric patients and prostitutes were deliberately infected with sexually transmitted diseases to determine what drugs, including penicillin, worked best in stopping the diseases, the lawsuit says. The subjects of the experiments weren't told they'd been infected, the lawsuit says, causing some to die and others to pass the disease to their spouses, sexual partners and children.
The suit seeks more than $1 billion in damages and has 774 plaintiffs, including people who were subjects in the experiments and their descendants.
This is the second attempt to collect damages. In 2012, a class-action federal lawsuit was filed against the U.S. government over the Guatemala experiments conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service. A judge dismissed it, saying the Guatemalans could not sue the United States for grievances that happened overseas. The new lawsuit was filed in the Baltimore City Circuit Court.
Johns Hopkins and the Rockefeller Foundation filed statements on their websites condemning the experiments, but denying responsibility.
"The plaintiffs' essential claim in this case is that prominent Johns Hopkins faculty members' participation on a government committee that reviewed funding applications was tantamount to conducting the research itself and that therefore Johns Hopkins should be held liable," the Johns Hopkins statement said. "Neither assertion is true."
The lawsuit alleges the Rockefeller Foundation funded Johns Hopkins' research into public health issues, including venereal disease, and employed scientists who monitored the Guatemala experiments.
The lawsuit, the Rockefeller Foundation statement said, "seeks improperly to assign 'guilt by association' in the absence of compensation from the United States federal government."
The suit says Johns Hopkins and the Rockefeller Foundation designed, supported and benefited from the Guatemala experiments.
Bristol-Myers Squibb pharmaceutical group and that company's owner, Mead Johnson, also are defendants. The pharmaceutical company supplied drugs for the experiments, the suit says.
On Saturday, a spokeswoman for Bristol-Myers Squibb sent this statement to CNN: "We've only just received the complaint in this matter. Bristol-Myers Squibb played an important role in the development of penicillin in the past and today we continue to focus our work on developing breakthrough medicines for serious disease. As a company dedicated to patients, we take this matter very seriously and are reviewing the allegations."
Nobody doubts the experiments happened.
In 2010, then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton apologized to Guatemala for the experiments, saying they were "clearly unethical."
In the 1930s and 1940s, the government followed a policy of funding scientific medical research but not controlling individual doctors, the suit says. The lawsuit says John Hopkins controlled and influenced the appointed panels that authorized funding for research into venereal disease.
The lawsuit says prostitutes were infected to intentionally spread the disease and that syphilis spirochetes were injected into the spinal fluid of subjects. A woman in a psychiatric hospital had gonorrhea pus from a male subject injected into both her eyes, the suit says.
The lawsuit doesn't say why the experiments ended. The results were never published and were not revealed until 2011, when the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues wrote a letter to President Barack Obama telling of its investigation, the suit says.
CNN's Deanna Hackney contributed to this report.
时间：2015-04-04
4月2日，全球顶级私立大学、美国第一所研究型高校——约翰·霍普金斯大学，本周被750多人联名告上法庭，称该校参与了20世纪40至50年代在危地马拉进行的美国政府医学实验，令当事人在不知情的状况下被故意感染上性传播疾病，其中包括儿童、囚犯、妓女和精神病患者。
约翰·霍普金斯医学院
这项1日在巴尔的摩提交的起诉，原告超过750名研究对象，涉及感染了梅毒和淋病的个人、配偶和受害者的子女，索赔金额高达10亿美元。同案被告还包括约翰·霍普金斯医院(约翰·霍普金斯医院是约翰霍普金斯大学医学院的附属医院，为全美排名第一的医院)、公共卫生学院、洛克菲勒基金会以及必治妥施贵宝药厂(Bristol-MyersSquibb)等。
1945年到1956年之间，1500多名研究对象在危地马拉接受一项秘密医学实验，实验的目的是证明盘尼西林可以治愈或者控制性传播疾病。
在实验过程中，研究人员先让一批妓女感染梅毒或淋病，让她们去服务军人以及囚犯，借此来散播性病。还有一些孤儿、小孩和精神病患，也在不知情的状况下，成为实验对象，为了达成特定目标，他们被延误治疗。
约翰·霍普金斯大学用“可悲”和“不合情理”来形容这项实验，但宣称被害人搞错了对象，因为这是美国联邦政府的实验。大学发言人称，这个官司是原告律师企图利用一个历史性的悲剧获取金钱。
然而原告律师却表示，他们有足够的证据表明校方“了解”这项实验的目的、方法、以及实验的范畴。并且受害者在不知情的情况下被迫参加实验，又因为实验而延误了治疗时机。美国政府有意识将实验在危地马拉进行就是为了将此实验设立在美国本土以外，以避免可能的起诉纠纷
实验的结果造成一些人死于梅毒，幸存者声称他们将疾病传给了子女，很多孩子生下来失明、严重残疾，至少有一个案例中的婴儿没有大脑。
据估计，约75%的被感染者接受了治疗，而只有25%完成了治疗。
受害者之一的奥雷利亚纳(MartaOrellana)回忆说，自己在孤儿院时奉命去医务室，被扎手指感染了梅毒，当时年仅9岁。几周后，她被叫去从脊柱抽取黄色的液体。研究结束后，她还见到一名医生欲绑架她继续实验。
受害者奥雷利亚纳
美国政府直到2010年才承认这个实验。时任危地马拉总统的科洛姆谴责这一梅毒实验是“反人类罪”。美国总统奥巴马以及当时的国务卿希拉里和卫生部长都为此道歉。
4年前，受害人曾控告8名这项研究中的美国政府官员，但一位联邦法官以美国政府对境外发生的事没有责任为由，驳回了诉讼。
Guatemalans deliberately infected with STDs sue Johns Hopkins
By Ralph Ellis, CNN
Updated 9:34 PM ET, Sat April 4, 2015
2011: Report released on government STD study 03:30
Story highlights
- Lawsuit says scientists infected hundreds of Guatemalans with sexually transmitted diseases
- A similar lawsuit filed against the U.S. government was dismissed
Scientists studied poor African-Americans in Alabama who'd contracted the venereal disease but didn't tell them they had the disease or do anything to cure them.
A lawsuit filed this week alleges Johns Hopkins University and the Rockefeller Foundation helped conduct a similar study in Guatemala from 1945 to 1956.
Orphans, inmates, psychiatric patients and prostitutes were deliberately infected with sexually transmitted diseases to determine what drugs, including penicillin, worked best in stopping the diseases, the lawsuit says. The subjects of the experiments weren't told they'd been infected, the lawsuit says, causing some to die and others to pass the disease to their spouses, sexual partners and children.
The suit seeks more than $1 billion in damages and has 774 plaintiffs, including people who were subjects in the experiments and their descendants.
This is the second attempt to collect damages. In 2012, a class-action federal lawsuit was filed against the U.S. government over the Guatemala experiments conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service. A judge dismissed it, saying the Guatemalans could not sue the United States for grievances that happened overseas. The new lawsuit was filed in the Baltimore City Circuit Court.
Johns Hopkins and the Rockefeller Foundation filed statements on their websites condemning the experiments, but denying responsibility.
"The plaintiffs' essential claim in this case is that prominent Johns Hopkins faculty members' participation on a government committee that reviewed funding applications was tantamount to conducting the research itself and that therefore Johns Hopkins should be held liable," the Johns Hopkins statement said. "Neither assertion is true."
The lawsuit alleges the Rockefeller Foundation funded Johns Hopkins' research into public health issues, including venereal disease, and employed scientists who monitored the Guatemala experiments.
The lawsuit, the Rockefeller Foundation statement said, "seeks improperly to assign 'guilt by association' in the absence of compensation from the United States federal government."
The suit says Johns Hopkins and the Rockefeller Foundation designed, supported and benefited from the Guatemala experiments.
Bristol-Myers Squibb pharmaceutical group and that company's owner, Mead Johnson, also are defendants. The pharmaceutical company supplied drugs for the experiments, the suit says.
On Saturday, a spokeswoman for Bristol-Myers Squibb sent this statement to CNN: "We've only just received the complaint in this matter. Bristol-Myers Squibb played an important role in the development of penicillin in the past and today we continue to focus our work on developing breakthrough medicines for serious disease. As a company dedicated to patients, we take this matter very seriously and are reviewing the allegations."
Nobody doubts the experiments happened.
In 2010, then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton apologized to Guatemala for the experiments, saying they were "clearly unethical."
In the 1930s and 1940s, the government followed a policy of funding scientific medical research but not controlling individual doctors, the suit says. The lawsuit says John Hopkins controlled and influenced the appointed panels that authorized funding for research into venereal disease.
The lawsuit says prostitutes were infected to intentionally spread the disease and that syphilis spirochetes were injected into the spinal fluid of subjects. A woman in a psychiatric hospital had gonorrhea pus from a male subject injected into both her eyes, the suit says.
The lawsuit doesn't say why the experiments ended. The results were never published and were not revealed until 2011, when the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues wrote a letter to President Barack Obama telling of its investigation, the suit says.
CNN's Deanna Hackney contributed to this report.
