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‘Neonic’ pesticides help farmers battle bugs, but are toxic to already-beleaguered bees. Ontario tried to fix the problem, Tom Spears explains, but now both parties are feeling stung.
You can wrap up all the troubles surrounding bees in the stories of two families, both nervous, watching from opposite sides as the issue spins out of their control.
Guy and Gail Anderson have been keeping bees for decades near Kincardine, a town on the shore of Lake Huron, hoping to pass on the family business to their 34-year-old son.
It’s a big business: Nearly 1,500 hives scattered around 54 farms (rent free, but they give the farmers honey) producing 120,000 pounds of honey a year. They export to China.
But in 2013, 62 per cent of their bees died — 795 lifeless hives — soon after the farmers planted corn and soybeans treated with a group of insecticides called neonicotinoids. Bees are vulnerable to tiny amounts of the substance.
The Andersons bought new bees, but more than 40 per cent died the following spring, and 32 per cent after this spring’s planting, Guy Anderson says. The drop in mortality followed changes in the way the insecticide coating is applied to seeds.
Now the Ontario government has ordered farmers to reduce “neonic” use by 80 per cent by 2017.
That in turn scares Mark Brock, who farms 1,500 acres of corn, soybeans and winter wheat near Hensall, north of London. He’s wondering whether wireworm, aphids and other insects will now destroy a large part of his crop.
Brock is president of Grain Farmers of Ontario, which represents 28,000 corn, soybean and wheat farmers.
He has done “strip trials” on his land “where I evaluated treated versus untreated seed. It always came out where it (pesticide) brought value to my farm,” he said in an interview.
Insect damage can easily wipe out 20 per cent of the crop, he says. And the typical profit margin for corn is only five to 15 per cent to start with.
On a farm near Listowel, Ont. a ‘strip trial’ shows the difference between a corn crop treated with insecticide, top, and not.
Two types of agriculture — bees, fruits and vegetables on one hand, grain on the other — have two conflicting sets of worries. But it seemed that Ontario had settled the issue when it became, in June, the first province or state in North America to limit neonic use.
Then the lawyers got involved. A lawyer representing Grain Farmers of Ontario has been warning farmers that beekeepers might now sue them for damage to hives. The warning suggests that “grain farmers may have to end these co-operative arrangements,” and urges farmers not to let hives on their land without legal advice in advance.
Anderson was in British Columbia one day in June when an employee called him with bad news. Farmers who had hosted hives for years were phoning, telling him to move his hives off their land.
These are the Andersons’ neighbours, people they have known for years and always been friendly with.
“They (seed companies) are really trying to put pressure on beekeepers through the farmers,” Anderson says.
“What they are trying to do is intimidation. I’ve had phone calls from seed companies. The pressure is coming downhill. They have found out who owns bee yards (land where hives are placed) and are contacting the farmer who owns the bee yards, telling them they are going to get sued … by beekeepers.
“I’m getting calls from farmers now, telling me to move my bees.”
Summer is busy season for bees, a bad time to move hives.
On his side, Mark Brock says the Ontario government offered consultation with grain farmers during an equally bad time — planting season this spring. “The government felt this was a good time to reach out and ask producers what they thought about it. And a lot of producers didn’t have time to bring comments forward.”
While Anderson worries about having nowhere to put hives, Brock worries about the requirement under new regulations to prove there’s “pest pressure,” or the threat of insect damage, before he is allowed to use neonic-treated seeds.
“Within my own farm I can have 16 different soil types — minute variations but enough that it might affect the pest population,” he said. “It’s so hard to determine where (we need) and where we don’t need these products.” Soil temperature, density, humidity and plant cover all affect insects.
This is a big-money issue. Ontario bees pollinate about $897 million worth of crops in Ontario each year and a further $71 million of berries in Atlantic Canada, where they are taken by truck. They pollinate apples, peaches, strawberries, raspberries, tomatoes, cucumbers, cherries, blueberries, onions and more.
Meanwhile, Ontario farmers produced almost $2 billion worth of soybeans in 2014, and another $1.4 billion in corn. (All figures are from the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs.)
CropLife Canada, which represents the seed companies, says it has improved its neonic technology. It says that without neonics, farmers will lose hundreds of millions of dollars a year.
Just as wind turbines continue to tear apart rural communities, the neonic problem is making everyone unhappy.
How did it get this way?
• • •
Bees are under stress from many factors — neonics are just the latest. Wayne Cuddington / Ottawa Citizen
Many factors combined to stress the lives of bees long before neonics came along. Well before 2000, beekeepers wondered why increasing numbers of hives died during the winter. Some called it “colony collapse disorder.”
If bees didn’t make honey, their lives would be much easier.
Picture a hive. Warm, even in winter, thanks to heat churned out by thousands of worker bees. Windproof, rainproof, snowproof. And filled with honey, a high-calorie, nutritious food that bees store away in huge amounts.
The beehive is like Beckta for many intruders, but they don’t have a reservation. Their solution: Kill the bees, eat their food.
A lot of species target bees: parasitic mites, wasps, bears (which eat the honey and the bees too), bacteria. The bee’s life is not a carefree time of tiptoeing through the tulips.
Then along come humans to add to their troubles.
“There are different things that stress our bees. You can’t just sort of cherry pick one, or say ‘What’s the flavour of the week?’” says Graham Thompson, who studies bees at Western University in London.
Varroa mites suck the fluids from a bee; tracheal mites burrow into its airways and choke it. A bacterial disease called American foulbrood infects a hive so badly that the even the frames that support the bees must be burned. There are fungal diseases and other parasites, many of them drawn by the hive environment, which is warm, dry and full of sugary food.
“That’s probably why they’re so defensive in the first place.” Thompson said.
“I think they (honeybees) are in serious trouble. The reality is they are going through a hard time, and probably the way we manage bees is a contributing factor.
“If you take away their habitat, if you feed them poison, if you stress them out by working them really hard, and giving them all these drugs and selecting (breeding) them for certain characters … it’s easy to imagine that, hey, we’ve pushed them a little too far.”
Even the variety of flowers that they feed on may be changing. It certainly changes for commercial bees that are trucked from province to province to pollinate whatever crop needs them at precise times of year. They get steady diets of whatever the farmer needs pollinated, which is like giving humans a diet of peanut butter and jelly sandwiches and nothing else for a while, then shifting to nothing but eggs.
“If the bees have evolved to feed on a whole variety of things and now they are forced to feed on a monoculture (single crop), and also they have to ride on the back of an 18-wheeler … you don’t need too many degrees to appreciate how that would be stressing out the little insects,” Thompson said.
Neonics are the latest problem, as their use as a pesticide has become common in the past 10 years.
Neonicotinoids are chemicals with a molecular structure similar to nicotine and they kill insects. They are usually applied to the seed and designed to be systemic (a plant soaks them up) and kill bugs that feed on grain crops. They are lethal to bees in minuscule amounts.
Danger No. 1: The bees can be exposed during planting, as traces of the chemical go airborne.
Danger No. 2: The chemical travels all through a plant and enters the pollen that bees carry to the hive.
“The thing about bees is they’re not just feeding on a single plant,” Thompson says.
An amount almost too small to measure from one plant adds up as a worker bee visits tens of thousands of flowers during her lifetime of two or three weeks. She packs it all in, carries it home, and feeds it to the queen’s offspring.
Thompson calls Ontario’s new regulation “reasonable.” He notes that it would have been cheaper to ban the product, because monitoring will be an expensive job for government, “and the manufacturer should take some solace in this.”
Chemistry professor Joe Schwarcz, director of McGill University’s Office for Science and Society, wrote in a recent column that neonics don’t seem to cause problems in all countries. Australia, he writes, uses neonics without apparent harm — perhaps because its bees are less stressed. (They don’t have varroa mites.).
Hobby beekeeper Graham Thurston gets a little help from his son Gord, 6, to tend to his beehives in Kinburn. Wayne Cuddington / Ottawa Citizen
And what about other types of bee? There are about 800 species of native bees in Canada. About 60 of those are bumblebees, and Sheila Colla thinks we should think of these native bees first.
Colla is the co-ordinator for a group within the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) that is assessing all the bumblebees of the world.
“We know that about one-third of the bumblebees in North America are experiencing a decline” of 30 per cent or more, she says. “You hear a lot about bee decline, and that all the bees are dying. But the reality is … two-thirds of our species are doing well.”
Adapting to urban areas seems to be key to survival.
“It’s a philosophical thing. People say we need our honeybees for food. Well I care more about preserving the diversity of our Canadian bees,” she said.
Colla suspects the honeybee crisis hits the little insects from several directions at once, and one of these is the Canadian winter. Honeybees are European transplants. She suspects the cold becomes too much for them if they are sick or infested with parasites.
Related
“So something like climate change might mean that a species’ range is reduced and then it becomes more vulnerable. We are never going to be able to blame it on one thing.
“There’s a fundamental problem,” Colla says. “Honeybees are used in agricultural areas, and in agricultural areas they use pesticides that are designed to kill insects. In that sense there is always going too be a problem. But they can always order more honeybees … They are not endangered globally.”
In fact, beekeepers do often order more bees after hives die off, but there are limits to how many a typical honey producer can buy. One hive contains up to 60,000 bees at peak season.
When Guy Anderson lost hundreds of hives in 2013 he started thinking: “May as well buy a rope and end it all.”
Experts from Ontario’s Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs regularly examine Anderson’s hives. So does the federal Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA). Both found the telltale signs: thousands of dead bees all appearing suddenly outside the hive, bees staggering as if disoriented, or lying on the ground, twitching, their wings in an odd position.
Graham Thurston tends to his beehives. Wayne Cuddington / Ottawa Citizen
But the cause of death can be tricky. In Kinburn, bee-keeper Graham Thurston lost all but three of his dozen hives in the spring of 2014 — with twitching, disoriented bees in odd positions — and PMRA tested their bodies and the hive for neonics. It found none.
It found a tiny amount — far too little to kill — in nearby ditchwater.
Thurston is reluctant to blame the neonics alone.
“A lot of people are trying to pin it down to just one thing but like anything health-related it’s not just one thing that is going to be the culprit.” He’s surrounded by corn, wheat and soybeans fields “and most of the time I don’t see any issue,” although he wonders whether pesticide exposure may weaken his bees.
“I’m not a toxicologist, so I don’t know. I’d like to have an answer to this so I can know if I should modify my management approach.”
The seed industry claims it has already made huge strides in solving the toxic problem.
CropLife Canada’s vice-president of chemistry, Pierre Petelle, insists that a safer version of neonic-treated seeds are now on the market, making Ontario’s reductions unnecessary.
The biggest source of bee deaths occurred when seed companies coated seed with a dusty substance — talc or graphite — to help seeds slide through the machinery. These powders blew into the air during planting, carrying pesticide with them. Today, the industry uses a waxy coating instead, and says it does not blow around
Petelle says this is supported by the PMRA’s latest analysis of bee deaths, showing a drop of 83 per cent in bee deaths during planting seasons from 2013 to 2015.
“Clearly this potential issue is very well in hand,” he says, and now he predicts grain crop losses possibly worth hundreds of millions of dollars resulting from Ontario’s new rules. He says some farms could lose half their crop.
The Grain Farmers of Ontario portray the issue as “anti-agriculture special interest groups” from the city — people who are clueless about farming — attacking farmers.
“Activists 1, Agriculture 0,” said their press release in June, after Ontario announced its 80-per-cent cut.
Its president, Mark Brock, was more cautious in an interview, says there are “extremists on both sides,” and he would like to find solutions that everyone can live with.
So what’s next?
• Beekeepers thought they had won a battle, getting neonics restricted. But talk of legal action could freeze them out of traditional “yards.” And even now that the seeds are safer to use, they still worry that the pollen is toxic to insects.
• Grain farmers say they’re preparing for expensive government regulation and lower yields of corn and soybeans, Ontario’s two most valuable crops. They have filed for an injunction to delay implementation of the new regulations for 10 months.
• Seed companies say there’s no good alternative to neonics, and warn that an “innovation chill” will result, driving Canadian biotech research to other countries.
• A federal Senate committee published a report on bee troubles in May saying we need more research before taking action nationally. It calls on everyone involved to get along, which seems optimistic.
• The only group that sounds happy is the Ontario government, which says its new measure will “ensure healthy ecosystems, a productive agricultural sector, and a strong economy.”
Other than that, it’s a worrisome time in farming country.
tspears@ottawacitizen.com
twitter.com/TomSpears1
查看原文...
You can wrap up all the troubles surrounding bees in the stories of two families, both nervous, watching from opposite sides as the issue spins out of their control.
Guy and Gail Anderson have been keeping bees for decades near Kincardine, a town on the shore of Lake Huron, hoping to pass on the family business to their 34-year-old son.
It’s a big business: Nearly 1,500 hives scattered around 54 farms (rent free, but they give the farmers honey) producing 120,000 pounds of honey a year. They export to China.
But in 2013, 62 per cent of their bees died — 795 lifeless hives — soon after the farmers planted corn and soybeans treated with a group of insecticides called neonicotinoids. Bees are vulnerable to tiny amounts of the substance.
The Andersons bought new bees, but more than 40 per cent died the following spring, and 32 per cent after this spring’s planting, Guy Anderson says. The drop in mortality followed changes in the way the insecticide coating is applied to seeds.
Now the Ontario government has ordered farmers to reduce “neonic” use by 80 per cent by 2017.
That in turn scares Mark Brock, who farms 1,500 acres of corn, soybeans and winter wheat near Hensall, north of London. He’s wondering whether wireworm, aphids and other insects will now destroy a large part of his crop.
Brock is president of Grain Farmers of Ontario, which represents 28,000 corn, soybean and wheat farmers.
He has done “strip trials” on his land “where I evaluated treated versus untreated seed. It always came out where it (pesticide) brought value to my farm,” he said in an interview.
Insect damage can easily wipe out 20 per cent of the crop, he says. And the typical profit margin for corn is only five to 15 per cent to start with.
On a farm near Listowel, Ont. a ‘strip trial’ shows the difference between a corn crop treated with insecticide, top, and not.
Two types of agriculture — bees, fruits and vegetables on one hand, grain on the other — have two conflicting sets of worries. But it seemed that Ontario had settled the issue when it became, in June, the first province or state in North America to limit neonic use.
Then the lawyers got involved. A lawyer representing Grain Farmers of Ontario has been warning farmers that beekeepers might now sue them for damage to hives. The warning suggests that “grain farmers may have to end these co-operative arrangements,” and urges farmers not to let hives on their land without legal advice in advance.
Anderson was in British Columbia one day in June when an employee called him with bad news. Farmers who had hosted hives for years were phoning, telling him to move his hives off their land.
These are the Andersons’ neighbours, people they have known for years and always been friendly with.
“They (seed companies) are really trying to put pressure on beekeepers through the farmers,” Anderson says.
“What they are trying to do is intimidation. I’ve had phone calls from seed companies. The pressure is coming downhill. They have found out who owns bee yards (land where hives are placed) and are contacting the farmer who owns the bee yards, telling them they are going to get sued … by beekeepers.
“I’m getting calls from farmers now, telling me to move my bees.”
Summer is busy season for bees, a bad time to move hives.
On his side, Mark Brock says the Ontario government offered consultation with grain farmers during an equally bad time — planting season this spring. “The government felt this was a good time to reach out and ask producers what they thought about it. And a lot of producers didn’t have time to bring comments forward.”
While Anderson worries about having nowhere to put hives, Brock worries about the requirement under new regulations to prove there’s “pest pressure,” or the threat of insect damage, before he is allowed to use neonic-treated seeds.
“Within my own farm I can have 16 different soil types — minute variations but enough that it might affect the pest population,” he said. “It’s so hard to determine where (we need) and where we don’t need these products.” Soil temperature, density, humidity and plant cover all affect insects.
This is a big-money issue. Ontario bees pollinate about $897 million worth of crops in Ontario each year and a further $71 million of berries in Atlantic Canada, where they are taken by truck. They pollinate apples, peaches, strawberries, raspberries, tomatoes, cucumbers, cherries, blueberries, onions and more.
Meanwhile, Ontario farmers produced almost $2 billion worth of soybeans in 2014, and another $1.4 billion in corn. (All figures are from the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs.)
CropLife Canada, which represents the seed companies, says it has improved its neonic technology. It says that without neonics, farmers will lose hundreds of millions of dollars a year.
Just as wind turbines continue to tear apart rural communities, the neonic problem is making everyone unhappy.
How did it get this way?
• • •
Bees are under stress from many factors — neonics are just the latest. Wayne Cuddington / Ottawa Citizen
Many factors combined to stress the lives of bees long before neonics came along. Well before 2000, beekeepers wondered why increasing numbers of hives died during the winter. Some called it “colony collapse disorder.”
If bees didn’t make honey, their lives would be much easier.
Picture a hive. Warm, even in winter, thanks to heat churned out by thousands of worker bees. Windproof, rainproof, snowproof. And filled with honey, a high-calorie, nutritious food that bees store away in huge amounts.
The beehive is like Beckta for many intruders, but they don’t have a reservation. Their solution: Kill the bees, eat their food.
A lot of species target bees: parasitic mites, wasps, bears (which eat the honey and the bees too), bacteria. The bee’s life is not a carefree time of tiptoeing through the tulips.
Then along come humans to add to their troubles.
“There are different things that stress our bees. You can’t just sort of cherry pick one, or say ‘What’s the flavour of the week?’” says Graham Thompson, who studies bees at Western University in London.
Varroa mites suck the fluids from a bee; tracheal mites burrow into its airways and choke it. A bacterial disease called American foulbrood infects a hive so badly that the even the frames that support the bees must be burned. There are fungal diseases and other parasites, many of them drawn by the hive environment, which is warm, dry and full of sugary food.
“That’s probably why they’re so defensive in the first place.” Thompson said.
“I think they (honeybees) are in serious trouble. The reality is they are going through a hard time, and probably the way we manage bees is a contributing factor.
“If you take away their habitat, if you feed them poison, if you stress them out by working them really hard, and giving them all these drugs and selecting (breeding) them for certain characters … it’s easy to imagine that, hey, we’ve pushed them a little too far.”
Even the variety of flowers that they feed on may be changing. It certainly changes for commercial bees that are trucked from province to province to pollinate whatever crop needs them at precise times of year. They get steady diets of whatever the farmer needs pollinated, which is like giving humans a diet of peanut butter and jelly sandwiches and nothing else for a while, then shifting to nothing but eggs.
“If the bees have evolved to feed on a whole variety of things and now they are forced to feed on a monoculture (single crop), and also they have to ride on the back of an 18-wheeler … you don’t need too many degrees to appreciate how that would be stressing out the little insects,” Thompson said.
Neonics are the latest problem, as their use as a pesticide has become common in the past 10 years.
Neonicotinoids are chemicals with a molecular structure similar to nicotine and they kill insects. They are usually applied to the seed and designed to be systemic (a plant soaks them up) and kill bugs that feed on grain crops. They are lethal to bees in minuscule amounts.
Danger No. 1: The bees can be exposed during planting, as traces of the chemical go airborne.
Danger No. 2: The chemical travels all through a plant and enters the pollen that bees carry to the hive.
“The thing about bees is they’re not just feeding on a single plant,” Thompson says.
An amount almost too small to measure from one plant adds up as a worker bee visits tens of thousands of flowers during her lifetime of two or three weeks. She packs it all in, carries it home, and feeds it to the queen’s offspring.
Thompson calls Ontario’s new regulation “reasonable.” He notes that it would have been cheaper to ban the product, because monitoring will be an expensive job for government, “and the manufacturer should take some solace in this.”
Chemistry professor Joe Schwarcz, director of McGill University’s Office for Science and Society, wrote in a recent column that neonics don’t seem to cause problems in all countries. Australia, he writes, uses neonics without apparent harm — perhaps because its bees are less stressed. (They don’t have varroa mites.).
Hobby beekeeper Graham Thurston gets a little help from his son Gord, 6, to tend to his beehives in Kinburn. Wayne Cuddington / Ottawa Citizen
And what about other types of bee? There are about 800 species of native bees in Canada. About 60 of those are bumblebees, and Sheila Colla thinks we should think of these native bees first.
Colla is the co-ordinator for a group within the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) that is assessing all the bumblebees of the world.
“We know that about one-third of the bumblebees in North America are experiencing a decline” of 30 per cent or more, she says. “You hear a lot about bee decline, and that all the bees are dying. But the reality is … two-thirds of our species are doing well.”
Adapting to urban areas seems to be key to survival.
“It’s a philosophical thing. People say we need our honeybees for food. Well I care more about preserving the diversity of our Canadian bees,” she said.
Colla suspects the honeybee crisis hits the little insects from several directions at once, and one of these is the Canadian winter. Honeybees are European transplants. She suspects the cold becomes too much for them if they are sick or infested with parasites.
Related
“So something like climate change might mean that a species’ range is reduced and then it becomes more vulnerable. We are never going to be able to blame it on one thing.
“There’s a fundamental problem,” Colla says. “Honeybees are used in agricultural areas, and in agricultural areas they use pesticides that are designed to kill insects. In that sense there is always going too be a problem. But they can always order more honeybees … They are not endangered globally.”
In fact, beekeepers do often order more bees after hives die off, but there are limits to how many a typical honey producer can buy. One hive contains up to 60,000 bees at peak season.
When Guy Anderson lost hundreds of hives in 2013 he started thinking: “May as well buy a rope and end it all.”
Experts from Ontario’s Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs regularly examine Anderson’s hives. So does the federal Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA). Both found the telltale signs: thousands of dead bees all appearing suddenly outside the hive, bees staggering as if disoriented, or lying on the ground, twitching, their wings in an odd position.
Graham Thurston tends to his beehives. Wayne Cuddington / Ottawa Citizen
But the cause of death can be tricky. In Kinburn, bee-keeper Graham Thurston lost all but three of his dozen hives in the spring of 2014 — with twitching, disoriented bees in odd positions — and PMRA tested their bodies and the hive for neonics. It found none.
It found a tiny amount — far too little to kill — in nearby ditchwater.
Thurston is reluctant to blame the neonics alone.
“A lot of people are trying to pin it down to just one thing but like anything health-related it’s not just one thing that is going to be the culprit.” He’s surrounded by corn, wheat and soybeans fields “and most of the time I don’t see any issue,” although he wonders whether pesticide exposure may weaken his bees.
“I’m not a toxicologist, so I don’t know. I’d like to have an answer to this so I can know if I should modify my management approach.”
The seed industry claims it has already made huge strides in solving the toxic problem.
CropLife Canada’s vice-president of chemistry, Pierre Petelle, insists that a safer version of neonic-treated seeds are now on the market, making Ontario’s reductions unnecessary.
The biggest source of bee deaths occurred when seed companies coated seed with a dusty substance — talc or graphite — to help seeds slide through the machinery. These powders blew into the air during planting, carrying pesticide with them. Today, the industry uses a waxy coating instead, and says it does not blow around
Petelle says this is supported by the PMRA’s latest analysis of bee deaths, showing a drop of 83 per cent in bee deaths during planting seasons from 2013 to 2015.
“Clearly this potential issue is very well in hand,” he says, and now he predicts grain crop losses possibly worth hundreds of millions of dollars resulting from Ontario’s new rules. He says some farms could lose half their crop.
The Grain Farmers of Ontario portray the issue as “anti-agriculture special interest groups” from the city — people who are clueless about farming — attacking farmers.
“Activists 1, Agriculture 0,” said their press release in June, after Ontario announced its 80-per-cent cut.
Its president, Mark Brock, was more cautious in an interview, says there are “extremists on both sides,” and he would like to find solutions that everyone can live with.
So what’s next?
• Beekeepers thought they had won a battle, getting neonics restricted. But talk of legal action could freeze them out of traditional “yards.” And even now that the seeds are safer to use, they still worry that the pollen is toxic to insects.
• Grain farmers say they’re preparing for expensive government regulation and lower yields of corn and soybeans, Ontario’s two most valuable crops. They have filed for an injunction to delay implementation of the new regulations for 10 months.
• Seed companies say there’s no good alternative to neonics, and warn that an “innovation chill” will result, driving Canadian biotech research to other countries.
• A federal Senate committee published a report on bee troubles in May saying we need more research before taking action nationally. It calls on everyone involved to get along, which seems optimistic.
• The only group that sounds happy is the Ontario government, which says its new measure will “ensure healthy ecosystems, a productive agricultural sector, and a strong economy.”
Other than that, it’s a worrisome time in farming country.
tspears@ottawacitizen.com
twitter.com/TomSpears1
查看原文...
