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有的国人动不动就想:等加拿大穆斯林化或者西腊化了，我就离开这里去其他地方，比如美国或中国。这种想法不好。加拿大是我们的国家，我们有责任防止它走上错误的道路上去。
所以大家要关心和参与政治。
所以大家要关心和参与政治。
最后编辑:
加拿大是我们的国家，我们有责任不让它走上错误的道路上去。
- 主题发起人 GuardianAngel
- 开始时间
加拿大有啥错？你认为错就错啦？
我的土生土长的工友们没有一个说加拿大有错。我信他们。
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你这一补充，我觉得你有必要重新认识加拿大。
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造成误解了。
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自由党和NDP理直气壮的支持引进更多中东难民有个两个重要的历史数据。
1） 越南危机，10年间引进安置11万越南难民。
Between 1975 to 1985, 110,000 settled in Canada (23,000 in Ontario; 13,000 in Quebec; 8,000 in Alberta; 7,000 British Columbia; 5,000 in Manitoba; 3,000 in Saskatchewan; and 2,000 in the Maritime provinces).
2） 1956年匈牙利危机，引进32000匈牙利移民。
32000匈牙利难民是逃离苏联侵略，属于意识形态难民，从文化上很容易融合进英法文化圈。
11万越南难民， 也是意识形态难民，越南和中国一样受儒家文化影响，对在危难中帮助他们的国家心存感恩，基本非常平和的融入社会， 64期间加拿大也有64血卡，老中更是感恩，没看见群死群伤的危害社会的吧。看看老穆，他们对接受他们的国家感恩吗？
1） 越南危机，10年间引进安置11万越南难民。
Between 1975 to 1985, 110,000 settled in Canada (23,000 in Ontario; 13,000 in Quebec; 8,000 in Alberta; 7,000 British Columbia; 5,000 in Manitoba; 3,000 in Saskatchewan; and 2,000 in the Maritime provinces).
2） 1956年匈牙利危机，引进32000匈牙利移民。
32000匈牙利难民是逃离苏联侵略，属于意识形态难民，从文化上很容易融合进英法文化圈。
11万越南难民， 也是意识形态难民，越南和中国一样受儒家文化影响，对在危难中帮助他们的国家心存感恩，基本非常平和的融入社会， 64期间加拿大也有64血卡，老中更是感恩，没看见群死群伤的危害社会的吧。看看老穆，他们对接受他们的国家感恩吗？
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http://www.conferenceboard.ca/comme...15-01-21/why_does_canada_accept_refugees.aspx
Why Does Canada Accept Refugees?
January 21, 2015
Kareem El-Assal
Research Associate, Education & Immigration
Industry & Business Strategy
As the Syrian civil war drags into its fourth year, and with nearly 3.25 million Syrians currently registered with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR),1 Canada recently announced it will accept 10,000 Syrian refugees over the next three years. This decision is among a long list of Canadian responses to global refugee crises.
Canada has admitted over 1.2 million refugees since the end of the Second World War.2 Between 2003 and 2013, Canada ranked second in the world in accepting refugees resettled by UNHCR. (See Table 1.)
So why does Canada accept refugees?
Canada’s refugee policy is driven by humanitarian values of compassion and fairness.3 As one of the world’s most privileged nations, Canada sees it as a moral obligation to offer protection to those in need, viewing refugee resettlement as an integral part of its responsibilities within the international community.
Canada plays an active role within the international community as it helps address emerging challenges and, through various memberships, alliances, and agreements, it seeks to advance the country’s social, political, and economic interests. Accepting refugees allows Canada to meet these objectives. Canada’s attitude today can be juxtaposed with its pre-Second World War behaviour, when it displayed indifference toward refugees. This was notably demonstrated by the paucity of Canada’s response toward Jewish refugees during the war.
Canada’s modern-day refugee policy took shape following the end of the Second World War as the country took on a greater role in global affairs. Between 1947 and 1952, Canada admitted 186,000 European refugees.4 In 1956, Canada resettled 37,000 Hungarian refugees, and it resettled an additional 11,000 Czechoslovakian refugees in 1968.5
In 1978, the Immigration Act came into force and introduced “refugees” as a distinct class of immigrants, facilitating the creation of a formal refugee system. Section 3(G) of the Act stated that one of the objectives of Canada’s immigration policy was to “to fulfil Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees and to uphold its humanitarian tradition with respect to the displaced and the persecuted.” Following the introduction of the Act, Canada went to great lengths to uphold humanitarian values and resettle refugees from across the globe.
In the 1970s and 80s, Canada responded to various global refugee crises by admitting refugees from such countries as China (Tibet), Uganda, Chile, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam.
Recognizing Canada’s refugee protection efforts, in 1986 UNHCR awarded the Nansen Refugee Award to “the people of Canada” for their “major and sustained contribution to the cause of refugees.”6 This remains the only time UNHCR has ever awarded the honour to an entire nation.
Canada presently maintains a relatively generous refugee policy. Between 2009 and 2013, Canada granted permanent residence status to 122,486 refugees.7 This figure includes refugees resettled from abroad, successful in-land refugee claimants, and the family members of refugees. It also represents 9.4 per cent of permanent residents landed in Canada during this period.
Canada’s refugee policy also contributes to national economic objectives.
For example, many of the Hungarian refugees resettled in Canada in 1956 were viewed as adaptable and were received during a period of economic expansion when the country needed more labourers. It has also been argued that Canada selectively accepted highly skilled Czechoslovakian refugees in 1968 because they were seen as potentially valuable contributors to the economy.8
Today, Canada faces pressing demographic challenges and requires high levels of immigration to maintain a competitive economy. Although refugees are brought in on humanitarian grounds, they do bolster the national population and labour force and contribute to the economy. It is also often overlooked that, like economic immigrants, refugees are capable of possessing skills, education, and work experiences beneficial to Canada’s economy.
The Conference Board of Canada’s newly established National Immigration Centre endeavours to provide evidence-based analysis of the socio-economic impact of immigration in Canada. This April, the Conference Board will host a major, two-day Canadian Immigration Summit in Ottawa to explore the future of Canada’s immigration system.
Why Does Canada Accept Refugees?
January 21, 2015
Kareem El-Assal
Research Associate, Education & Immigration
Industry & Business Strategy
As the Syrian civil war drags into its fourth year, and with nearly 3.25 million Syrians currently registered with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR),1 Canada recently announced it will accept 10,000 Syrian refugees over the next three years. This decision is among a long list of Canadian responses to global refugee crises.
Canada has admitted over 1.2 million refugees since the end of the Second World War.2 Between 2003 and 2013, Canada ranked second in the world in accepting refugees resettled by UNHCR. (See Table 1.)
So why does Canada accept refugees?
Canada’s refugee policy is driven by humanitarian values of compassion and fairness.3 As one of the world’s most privileged nations, Canada sees it as a moral obligation to offer protection to those in need, viewing refugee resettlement as an integral part of its responsibilities within the international community.
Canada plays an active role within the international community as it helps address emerging challenges and, through various memberships, alliances, and agreements, it seeks to advance the country’s social, political, and economic interests. Accepting refugees allows Canada to meet these objectives. Canada’s attitude today can be juxtaposed with its pre-Second World War behaviour, when it displayed indifference toward refugees. This was notably demonstrated by the paucity of Canada’s response toward Jewish refugees during the war.
Canada’s modern-day refugee policy took shape following the end of the Second World War as the country took on a greater role in global affairs. Between 1947 and 1952, Canada admitted 186,000 European refugees.4 In 1956, Canada resettled 37,000 Hungarian refugees, and it resettled an additional 11,000 Czechoslovakian refugees in 1968.5
In 1978, the Immigration Act came into force and introduced “refugees” as a distinct class of immigrants, facilitating the creation of a formal refugee system. Section 3(G) of the Act stated that one of the objectives of Canada’s immigration policy was to “to fulfil Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees and to uphold its humanitarian tradition with respect to the displaced and the persecuted.” Following the introduction of the Act, Canada went to great lengths to uphold humanitarian values and resettle refugees from across the globe.
In the 1970s and 80s, Canada responded to various global refugee crises by admitting refugees from such countries as China (Tibet), Uganda, Chile, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam.
Recognizing Canada’s refugee protection efforts, in 1986 UNHCR awarded the Nansen Refugee Award to “the people of Canada” for their “major and sustained contribution to the cause of refugees.”6 This remains the only time UNHCR has ever awarded the honour to an entire nation.
Canada presently maintains a relatively generous refugee policy. Between 2009 and 2013, Canada granted permanent residence status to 122,486 refugees.7 This figure includes refugees resettled from abroad, successful in-land refugee claimants, and the family members of refugees. It also represents 9.4 per cent of permanent residents landed in Canada during this period.
Canada’s refugee policy also contributes to national economic objectives.
For example, many of the Hungarian refugees resettled in Canada in 1956 were viewed as adaptable and were received during a period of economic expansion when the country needed more labourers. It has also been argued that Canada selectively accepted highly skilled Czechoslovakian refugees in 1968 because they were seen as potentially valuable contributors to the economy.8
Today, Canada faces pressing demographic challenges and requires high levels of immigration to maintain a competitive economy. Although refugees are brought in on humanitarian grounds, they do bolster the national population and labour force and contribute to the economy. It is also often overlooked that, like economic immigrants, refugees are capable of possessing skills, education, and work experiences beneficial to Canada’s economy.
The Conference Board of Canada’s newly established National Immigration Centre endeavours to provide evidence-based analysis of the socio-economic impact of immigration in Canada. This April, the Conference Board will host a major, two-day Canadian Immigration Summit in Ottawa to explore the future of Canada’s immigration system.
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http://ccrweb.ca/en/brief-history-canadas-responses-refugees
Brief history of Canada’s responses to refugees
On 4 June 1969, Canada belatedly signed the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 18 years after it was adopted by the United Nations, and 15 years after it entered into force.
In the 40 years since Canada became a party to the Refugee Convention, it has gained the enviable reputation of being a world leader in protecting refugees.
In fact, there has been good and bad in Canadian responses to refugees, both before and after signing the Refugee Convention.
Before confederation Loyalists and pacifists (including Mennonites and Quakers) fled to Canada during the American Revolution. Escaped slaves and free blacks fled the US in search of greater rights.
1869 Canada’s first Immigration Act was adopted. It contained no specific provisions relating to refugees.
Late 19th century, early 20th century Refugees from Russia, especially Jews, Mennonites and Doukhobors, settled in Canada.
1920s Following World War I, hundreds of thousands were displaced in Europe. Canada opposed the admission of refugees on the grounds that once admitted stateless refugees could not be deported.
1922 The League of Nations convened an intergovernmental conference, under the leadership of Fridtjof Nansen, leading to the development of a travel document for refugees, “the Nansen passport”. Canada refused to accept the Nansen passport because it did not allow for the return of refugees.
1923 The government adopted an Order in Council excluding immigrants “of any Asiatic race”. The definition of “Asiatic” included Armenians seeking refuge from persecution in Turkey. Only 1,300 Armenians were admitted to Canada between the two world wars.
1923-1930 The Canadian government cooperated with efforts of the Mennonite community to admit 20,000 Mennonite refugees between 1923 and 1930.
Doukhobor women breaking the prairie sod by pulling a plough themselves, Thunder Hill Colony, Manitoba. c 1899. Library and Archives Canada,C-000681.
MP Samuel Jacobs spoke in favour of “those who are obliged to leave their own countries in Europe by reason of religious and social persecution. Now, this country, it seems to me, should be the haven of rest for people of that kind, and we ought to have our doors wide open for all those who flee from persecution, social or otherwise, in European countries.” 30 March 1921, House of Commons
Early 1930s In the context of the depression and fears of communism, there were many deportations of the unemployed, labour activists and suspected Communists. Risk of persecution was not a barrier to deportation, despite concerns raised by the Canadian Labour Defence League about the dangers of return to fascist countries. Hans Kist, one of the radical leaders deported in 1932, reportedly died of torture in a German concentration camp.
1930s With the rise of Hitler in Germany, efforts were made by the Jewish community and some non-Jewish groups to persuade the government to admit refugees. They were unsuccessful. Anti-semitism was dominant within the immigration department and in the Canadian public.
1938 The St Louis sailed from Hamburg with 907 Jewish refugees on board. After being turned away by Cuba, their original destination, the ship sought a haven elsewhere in the Americas. Canada, like all other countries, refused them admittance. The ship returned to Europe where most of the passengers died in the Holocaust.
1938 US President Roosevelt convened a conference in Évian to discuss solutions to the refugee crisis. Canada participated reluctantly and with the firm intention of making no commitments to admit any refugees.
1933-1945 During the 12-year period of Nazi rule in Germany, Canada admitted fewer than 5,000 Jewish refugees, one of the worst records of any democracies. In 1945, asked how many Jews Canada would admit after the war, a Canadian official answered “None is too many”.
The St. Louis, surrounded by smaller vessels in the port of Havana, 1938. Herbert Karliner. Source: US Holocaust Memorial Museum. Photograph #88358
“Ever since the war, efforts have been made by groups and individuals to get refugees into Canada but we have fought all along to protect ourselves against the admission of such stateless persons without passports, for the reason that coming out of the maelstrom of war, some of them are liable to go on the rocks and when they become public charges, we have to keep them for the balance of their lives” (F.C. Blair, Director, Immigration Branch, 1938)
“as human beings we should do our best to provide as much sanctuary as we can for those people who can get away. I say we should do that because these people are human and deserve that consideration, and because we are human and ought to act in that way.” Stanley Knowles, MP, House of Commons, 9 July 1943
1945-1947 In the immediate post-war period, immigration controls remained tight, while pressure mounted for a more open immigration policy and a humanitarian response to the displaced persons in Europe.
1946 The Canadian National Committee for Refugees advised a parliamentary committee that Canadian law should be changed to exempt refugees from ordinary restrictions on immigration and subject them only “to whatever special restrictions on immigration considered by Parliament to be necessary and justifiable in face of the moral claim of the refugees to the right of sanctuary.”
1948 The first of a total of 10 boats carrying 1,593 Baltic refugees (mostly Estonian) arrived on the east coast of Canada. They sailed from Sweden, where they were living under threat of forced repatriation to the Soviet Union. They had been trying to resettle to Canada but had been frustrated by the long delays and barriers in Canadian immigration processing. They were detained on arrival and processed through an ad hoc arrangement. 12 were deported but all the others were accepted.
1946-1962 Canada admitted nearly a quarter of a million refugees. They came as sponsored relatives, under contract labour schemes, or sponsored by government or church groups. Selection criteria were guided by considerations of economic self-interest, racial prejudice and political bias. According to John Holmes, an External Affairs officer, Canada selected refugees “like good beef cattle”.
1950 A United Nations committee was struck to draft a refugee convention. The Canadian delegate, Leslie Chance, was the chair.
1951 The government implemented the Assisted Passage Loan Scheme to help immigrants from Europe who could not pay their own transportation. Loans were to be repaid over the two years following landing. A version of this loan scheme continues to this day and is used by resettled refugees.
1951 The Canadian Cabinet decided not to sign the text of the Refugee Convention, finalized on 28 July 1951. Ministers were concerned that the Convention would impede Canada’s ability to deport persons they considered a security risk, especially Communists. More generally, they worried that the Convention would confer rights, including “the right to be represented in the hearing of his appeal against deportation.”
The Canadian delegate and chair of the committee drafting the refugee convention was put in a very uncomfortable position by the last-minute withdrawal of support by his government. He tried to explain the consequences to the External Affairs Minister: “Any turning back on our part now might create very unhappy situation. We have been regarded throughout as taking forward attitude, somewhat in contrast to that of the United States, concerning whose signature there has always been doubt and in consequence some little undercurrent of feeling among other delegations. It would in addition, in my opinion, weaken seriously the job of the High Commissioner for Refugees with whom I hope to have some discussion tomorrow.” Telegram, Permanent Representative to European Office of United Nations to Secretary of State for External Affairs, July 3rd, 1951
For more information about Cabinet concerns, see CABINET DOCUMENT NO. 178-51, Ottawa, June 14th, 1951
Leslie Chance (left) of Canada at the Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Status of Refugees and Stateless Persons, Geneva, July 1951. Mr Chance, on behalf of Canada, chaired the committee that drafted the conventions under discussion. Credit: UNHCR
1954 The UN adopted the Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons. Canada has still not signed this Convention.
1956-1957 The crushing of the Hungarian uprising led to over 200,000 Hungarians fleeing to Austria. In response to public pressure, the Canadian government implemented a special program, offering the Hungarian refugees free transport, instead of loans. Thousands of Hungarians arrived in the early months of 1957 on over 200 chartered flights. More than 37,000 Hungarians were admitted in less than a year.
1959 World Refugee Year. Canada admitted 325 tubercular refugees and their families (the first time that Canada had waived its health requirements for refugees). External Affairs raised again the question of Canada signing the Convention, but the Department of Citizenship and Immigration opposed it.
1960 Prime Minister John Diefenbaker introduced the Bill of Rights.
1967 Interest began to be charged on loans under the Assisted Passage Loan Scheme.
1968 Canada changed its rules to allow deserters from foreign armies to received landed immigrant status. This opened the door to status for US citizens opposed to participating in the Vietnam War. Over the following years, tens of thousands of war resisters are estimated to have fled to Canada (no exact figures are available as they were not accepted under any specific program).
1968 Warsaw Pact troops enter Czechoslovakia. 10,975 Czechs entered Canada between August 20, 1968 and March 1, 1969. According to the departmental annual report, “[m]any Canadian organizations, universities and provincial and municipal agencies assisted in the settlement of the refugees. Without this surge of public and private cooperation, the task would have been immeasurably more difficult”.
4 June 1969 Canada acceded to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol. The occasion was barely noticed and went unreported in the media.
1970 Canada welcomed a group of Tibetan refugees, among the first non-European refugees resettled to Canada.
1970 The government issued a “Guideline for Determination of Eligibility for Refugee Status” for use by immigration officers selecting refugees overseas.
One of several organizations helping Hungarian refugees resettle to third countries. 1956. © UN 56817
“By the 1970’s it was widely held that Canada was then and always had been a haven for the oppressed. In retrospect the public imagination turned a select series of economically beneficial refugee resettlement programs into a massive and longstanding Canadian humanitarian resolve on behalf of refugees.” Harold Troper
1972 The Ugandan president announced that Ugandan Asians would be expelled. Canada responded swiftly, setting up an office in Kampala. At first the government insisted that the applicants meet the usual immigration criteria, but later requirements were somewhat relaxed. By the end of 1973, more than 7,000 Ugandan Asians had arrived, of whom 4,420 came in specially chartered flights.
1973 The Immigration Appeal Board Act was amended, abolishing the universal right of appeal from a deportation order. Among those allowed to appeal were “bona fide refugees”.
1973 Allende’s government in Chile was overthrown. Groups in Canada, particularly the churches, urged the government to offer protection to those being persecuted, but the Canadian response was slow and reluctant (long delays in security screenings were a particular problem). Critics charged that the lukewarm Canadian response was ideologically driven. By February 1975, 1,188 refugees from Chile had arrived in Canada.
1976 The new Immigration Act was tabled. This was the first Canadian immigration legislation to recognize refugees as a special class of immigrants. Among its objectives, the Act was to “fulfil Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees and to uphold its humanitarian tradition with respect to the displaced and the persecuted.” The Act entrenched the definition of a Convention refugee, created a refugee determination system (decisions made by the Refugee Status Advisory Committee – RSAC), provided for admission on humanitarian grounds of designated classes and enabled the private sponsorship of refugees. The Act came into force April 1978.
1978 The Canadian Council for Refugees was formed, under its original name, Standing Conference of Canadian Organizations Concerned for Refugees.
1979-1981 By mid-1979, nearly 1.5 million refugees had fled their homes in South-East Asia. In June, the Canadian government announced that 50,000 South-East Asian refugees would be resettled by the end of 1980. Thousands of Canadians came forward to welcome refugees, giving a dramatic launch to the new Private Sponsorship of Refugees Program. Popular pressure forced the government to adjust upwards its initial commitment to resettling the refugees. For the years 1978-81, refugees made up 25% of all immigrants to Canada.
4 April 1985 The Supreme Court of Canada rendered the Singh decision, in which it recognized that refugee claimants are entitled to fundamental justice under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Court ruled that this would normally require an oral hearing in the refugee status determination process.
1986
The people of Canada were awarded the Nansen medal by the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, in “recognition of their major and sustained contribution to the cause of refugees”.
A Vietnamese refugee working in a supermarket in Montreal. 1979. Photo credit: UNHCR/9090/H. Gloaguen/VIVA
1987 A group of Sikhs arrived by boat in Nova Scotia and claimed refugee status. Prime Minister Brian Mulroney issued an emergency recall of Parliament for the tabling of Bill C-84, the Refugee Deterrents and Detention Bill. Despite the so-called emergency, the draconian bill was not passed for a full year.
1987 Canada ratified the Convention Against Torture.
1989 Changes to the Immigration Act came into effect, creating a new refugee determination system and the Immigration and Refugee Board.
1993 The Chairperson of the Immigration and Refugee Board issued Guidelines on Women Refugee Claimants fearing Gender-related Persecution. Canada was the first country in the world to issue such guidelines. Non-governmental organizations including the Canadian Council for Refugees were active in drawing attention to the need for gender sensitivity.
1999 The flight of thousands of Kosovars led the UNHCR to request countries to offer them “safe haven”. Canada responded enthusiastically, taking in over 5,000.
2002 The Immigration and Refugee Protection Act came into force – for the first time in Canadian history, the immigration legislation recognized refugees in its title. However, the articles of the law giving refugees the right to an appeal were not implemented.
December 2004 The Safe Third Country Agreement between the US and Canada came into effect.
4 June 2009 40th anniversary of Canada signing the Refugee Convention
Apr 2009
Brief history of Canada’s responses to refugees
On 4 June 1969, Canada belatedly signed the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 18 years after it was adopted by the United Nations, and 15 years after it entered into force.
In the 40 years since Canada became a party to the Refugee Convention, it has gained the enviable reputation of being a world leader in protecting refugees.
In fact, there has been good and bad in Canadian responses to refugees, both before and after signing the Refugee Convention.
Before confederation Loyalists and pacifists (including Mennonites and Quakers) fled to Canada during the American Revolution. Escaped slaves and free blacks fled the US in search of greater rights.
1869 Canada’s first Immigration Act was adopted. It contained no specific provisions relating to refugees.
Late 19th century, early 20th century Refugees from Russia, especially Jews, Mennonites and Doukhobors, settled in Canada.
1920s Following World War I, hundreds of thousands were displaced in Europe. Canada opposed the admission of refugees on the grounds that once admitted stateless refugees could not be deported.
1922 The League of Nations convened an intergovernmental conference, under the leadership of Fridtjof Nansen, leading to the development of a travel document for refugees, “the Nansen passport”. Canada refused to accept the Nansen passport because it did not allow for the return of refugees.
1923 The government adopted an Order in Council excluding immigrants “of any Asiatic race”. The definition of “Asiatic” included Armenians seeking refuge from persecution in Turkey. Only 1,300 Armenians were admitted to Canada between the two world wars.
1923-1930 The Canadian government cooperated with efforts of the Mennonite community to admit 20,000 Mennonite refugees between 1923 and 1930.
Doukhobor women breaking the prairie sod by pulling a plough themselves, Thunder Hill Colony, Manitoba. c 1899. Library and Archives Canada,C-000681.
MP Samuel Jacobs spoke in favour of “those who are obliged to leave their own countries in Europe by reason of religious and social persecution. Now, this country, it seems to me, should be the haven of rest for people of that kind, and we ought to have our doors wide open for all those who flee from persecution, social or otherwise, in European countries.” 30 March 1921, House of Commons
Early 1930s In the context of the depression and fears of communism, there were many deportations of the unemployed, labour activists and suspected Communists. Risk of persecution was not a barrier to deportation, despite concerns raised by the Canadian Labour Defence League about the dangers of return to fascist countries. Hans Kist, one of the radical leaders deported in 1932, reportedly died of torture in a German concentration camp.
1930s With the rise of Hitler in Germany, efforts were made by the Jewish community and some non-Jewish groups to persuade the government to admit refugees. They were unsuccessful. Anti-semitism was dominant within the immigration department and in the Canadian public.
1938 The St Louis sailed from Hamburg with 907 Jewish refugees on board. After being turned away by Cuba, their original destination, the ship sought a haven elsewhere in the Americas. Canada, like all other countries, refused them admittance. The ship returned to Europe where most of the passengers died in the Holocaust.
1938 US President Roosevelt convened a conference in Évian to discuss solutions to the refugee crisis. Canada participated reluctantly and with the firm intention of making no commitments to admit any refugees.
1933-1945 During the 12-year period of Nazi rule in Germany, Canada admitted fewer than 5,000 Jewish refugees, one of the worst records of any democracies. In 1945, asked how many Jews Canada would admit after the war, a Canadian official answered “None is too many”.
The St. Louis, surrounded by smaller vessels in the port of Havana, 1938. Herbert Karliner. Source: US Holocaust Memorial Museum. Photograph #88358
“Ever since the war, efforts have been made by groups and individuals to get refugees into Canada but we have fought all along to protect ourselves against the admission of such stateless persons without passports, for the reason that coming out of the maelstrom of war, some of them are liable to go on the rocks and when they become public charges, we have to keep them for the balance of their lives” (F.C. Blair, Director, Immigration Branch, 1938)
“as human beings we should do our best to provide as much sanctuary as we can for those people who can get away. I say we should do that because these people are human and deserve that consideration, and because we are human and ought to act in that way.” Stanley Knowles, MP, House of Commons, 9 July 1943
1945-1947 In the immediate post-war period, immigration controls remained tight, while pressure mounted for a more open immigration policy and a humanitarian response to the displaced persons in Europe.
1946 The Canadian National Committee for Refugees advised a parliamentary committee that Canadian law should be changed to exempt refugees from ordinary restrictions on immigration and subject them only “to whatever special restrictions on immigration considered by Parliament to be necessary and justifiable in face of the moral claim of the refugees to the right of sanctuary.”
1948 The first of a total of 10 boats carrying 1,593 Baltic refugees (mostly Estonian) arrived on the east coast of Canada. They sailed from Sweden, where they were living under threat of forced repatriation to the Soviet Union. They had been trying to resettle to Canada but had been frustrated by the long delays and barriers in Canadian immigration processing. They were detained on arrival and processed through an ad hoc arrangement. 12 were deported but all the others were accepted.
1946-1962 Canada admitted nearly a quarter of a million refugees. They came as sponsored relatives, under contract labour schemes, or sponsored by government or church groups. Selection criteria were guided by considerations of economic self-interest, racial prejudice and political bias. According to John Holmes, an External Affairs officer, Canada selected refugees “like good beef cattle”.
1950 A United Nations committee was struck to draft a refugee convention. The Canadian delegate, Leslie Chance, was the chair.
1951 The government implemented the Assisted Passage Loan Scheme to help immigrants from Europe who could not pay their own transportation. Loans were to be repaid over the two years following landing. A version of this loan scheme continues to this day and is used by resettled refugees.
1951 The Canadian Cabinet decided not to sign the text of the Refugee Convention, finalized on 28 July 1951. Ministers were concerned that the Convention would impede Canada’s ability to deport persons they considered a security risk, especially Communists. More generally, they worried that the Convention would confer rights, including “the right to be represented in the hearing of his appeal against deportation.”
For more information about Cabinet concerns, see CABINET DOCUMENT NO. 178-51, Ottawa, June 14th, 1951
Leslie Chance (left) of Canada at the Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Status of Refugees and Stateless Persons, Geneva, July 1951. Mr Chance, on behalf of Canada, chaired the committee that drafted the conventions under discussion. Credit: UNHCR
1954 The UN adopted the Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons. Canada has still not signed this Convention.
1956-1957 The crushing of the Hungarian uprising led to over 200,000 Hungarians fleeing to Austria. In response to public pressure, the Canadian government implemented a special program, offering the Hungarian refugees free transport, instead of loans. Thousands of Hungarians arrived in the early months of 1957 on over 200 chartered flights. More than 37,000 Hungarians were admitted in less than a year.
1959 World Refugee Year. Canada admitted 325 tubercular refugees and their families (the first time that Canada had waived its health requirements for refugees). External Affairs raised again the question of Canada signing the Convention, but the Department of Citizenship and Immigration opposed it.
1960 Prime Minister John Diefenbaker introduced the Bill of Rights.
1967 Interest began to be charged on loans under the Assisted Passage Loan Scheme.
1968 Canada changed its rules to allow deserters from foreign armies to received landed immigrant status. This opened the door to status for US citizens opposed to participating in the Vietnam War. Over the following years, tens of thousands of war resisters are estimated to have fled to Canada (no exact figures are available as they were not accepted under any specific program).
1968 Warsaw Pact troops enter Czechoslovakia. 10,975 Czechs entered Canada between August 20, 1968 and March 1, 1969. According to the departmental annual report, “[m]any Canadian organizations, universities and provincial and municipal agencies assisted in the settlement of the refugees. Without this surge of public and private cooperation, the task would have been immeasurably more difficult”.
4 June 1969 Canada acceded to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol. The occasion was barely noticed and went unreported in the media.
1970 Canada welcomed a group of Tibetan refugees, among the first non-European refugees resettled to Canada.
1970 The government issued a “Guideline for Determination of Eligibility for Refugee Status” for use by immigration officers selecting refugees overseas.
One of several organizations helping Hungarian refugees resettle to third countries. 1956. © UN 56817
“By the 1970’s it was widely held that Canada was then and always had been a haven for the oppressed. In retrospect the public imagination turned a select series of economically beneficial refugee resettlement programs into a massive and longstanding Canadian humanitarian resolve on behalf of refugees.” Harold Troper
1972 The Ugandan president announced that Ugandan Asians would be expelled. Canada responded swiftly, setting up an office in Kampala. At first the government insisted that the applicants meet the usual immigration criteria, but later requirements were somewhat relaxed. By the end of 1973, more than 7,000 Ugandan Asians had arrived, of whom 4,420 came in specially chartered flights.
1973 The Immigration Appeal Board Act was amended, abolishing the universal right of appeal from a deportation order. Among those allowed to appeal were “bona fide refugees”.
1973 Allende’s government in Chile was overthrown. Groups in Canada, particularly the churches, urged the government to offer protection to those being persecuted, but the Canadian response was slow and reluctant (long delays in security screenings were a particular problem). Critics charged that the lukewarm Canadian response was ideologically driven. By February 1975, 1,188 refugees from Chile had arrived in Canada.
1976 The new Immigration Act was tabled. This was the first Canadian immigration legislation to recognize refugees as a special class of immigrants. Among its objectives, the Act was to “fulfil Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees and to uphold its humanitarian tradition with respect to the displaced and the persecuted.” The Act entrenched the definition of a Convention refugee, created a refugee determination system (decisions made by the Refugee Status Advisory Committee – RSAC), provided for admission on humanitarian grounds of designated classes and enabled the private sponsorship of refugees. The Act came into force April 1978.
1978 The Canadian Council for Refugees was formed, under its original name, Standing Conference of Canadian Organizations Concerned for Refugees.
1979-1981 By mid-1979, nearly 1.5 million refugees had fled their homes in South-East Asia. In June, the Canadian government announced that 50,000 South-East Asian refugees would be resettled by the end of 1980. Thousands of Canadians came forward to welcome refugees, giving a dramatic launch to the new Private Sponsorship of Refugees Program. Popular pressure forced the government to adjust upwards its initial commitment to resettling the refugees. For the years 1978-81, refugees made up 25% of all immigrants to Canada.
4 April 1985 The Supreme Court of Canada rendered the Singh decision, in which it recognized that refugee claimants are entitled to fundamental justice under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Court ruled that this would normally require an oral hearing in the refugee status determination process.
1986
A Vietnamese refugee working in a supermarket in Montreal. 1979. Photo credit: UNHCR/9090/H. Gloaguen/VIVA
1987 A group of Sikhs arrived by boat in Nova Scotia and claimed refugee status. Prime Minister Brian Mulroney issued an emergency recall of Parliament for the tabling of Bill C-84, the Refugee Deterrents and Detention Bill. Despite the so-called emergency, the draconian bill was not passed for a full year.
1987 Canada ratified the Convention Against Torture.
1989 Changes to the Immigration Act came into effect, creating a new refugee determination system and the Immigration and Refugee Board.
1993 The Chairperson of the Immigration and Refugee Board issued Guidelines on Women Refugee Claimants fearing Gender-related Persecution. Canada was the first country in the world to issue such guidelines. Non-governmental organizations including the Canadian Council for Refugees were active in drawing attention to the need for gender sensitivity.
1999 The flight of thousands of Kosovars led the UNHCR to request countries to offer them “safe haven”. Canada responded enthusiastically, taking in over 5,000.
2002 The Immigration and Refugee Protection Act came into force – for the first time in Canadian history, the immigration legislation recognized refugees in its title. However, the articles of the law giving refugees the right to an appeal were not implemented.
December 2004 The Safe Third Country Agreement between the US and Canada came into effect.
4 June 2009 40th anniversary of Canada signing the Refugee Convention
Apr 2009
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http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/refugees/timeline.asp
Canada: A History of Refuge
A Time Line
1776: 3,000 Black Loyalists, among them freemen and slaves, fled the oppression of the American Revolution and came to Canada.
1781: Butler’s Rangers, a military unit loyal to the Crown and based at Fort Niagara, settled some of the first Loyalist refugees from the United States in the Niagara peninsula, along the northern shores of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.
1783: Sir Guy Carleton, Governor of the British Province of Quebec, and later to become Lord Dorchester, safely transported 35,000 Loyalist refugees from New York to Nova Scotia. Some settled in Quebec, and others in Kingston and Adolphustown in Ontario.
1789: Lord Dorchester, Governor-in-Chief of British North America, gave official recognition to the “First Loyalists” – those loyal to the Crown who fled the oppression of the American Revolution to settle in Nova Scotia and Quebec.
1793: Upper Canada became the first province in the British Empire to abolish slavery. In turn, over the course of the 19th century, thousands of black slaves escaped from the United States and came to Canada with the aid of the Underground Railroad, a Christian anti-slavery network.
Late 1700s: Scots Highlanders, refugees of the Highland Clearances during the modernization of Scotland, settled in Canada.
1830: Polish refugees fled to Canada to escape Russian oppression. The year 1858 marked the first significant mass migration of Poles escaping Prussian occupation in northern Poland.
1880-1914: Italians escaped the ravages of Italy’s unification as farmers were driven off their land as a result of the new Italian state reforms.
1880-1914: Thousands of persecuted Jews, fleeing pogroms in the Pale of Settlement, sought refuge in Canada.
1891: The migration of 170,000 Ukrainians began, mainly to flee oppression from areas under Austro-Hungarian rule, marking the first wave of Ukrainians seeking refuge in Canada.
1920-1939: The second wave of Ukrainians fled from Communism, civil war and Soviet occupation.
1945-1952: The third wave of Ukrainians fled Communist rule.
1947-1952: 250,000 displaced persons (DPs) from Central and Eastern Europe came to Canada, victims of both National Socialism (Nazism) and Communism, and Soviet occupation.
1950s: Canada admitted Palestinian Arabs, driven from their homeland by the Israeli-Arab war of 1948.
1950s-1970s: A significant influx of Middle Eastern and North African Jews fled to Canada.
1951: The United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees was created.
1956: 37,000 Hungarians escaped Soviet tyranny and found refuge in Canada.
1960: Prime Minister John Diefenbaker, whose grandfather was a German refugee of the Napoleonic Wars, introduced Canada’s first Bill of Rights.
1960s: Chinese refugees fled the Communist violence of the Cultural Revolution.
1968-1969: 11,000 Czech refugees fled the Soviet and Warsaw Pact Communist invasion.
1969: Canada signed the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, and its Protocol, agreeing not to return a person to their country of origin if that person had grounds to fear persecution.
1970s: 7,000 Chilean and other Latin American refugees were allowed to stay in Canada after the violent overthrow of Salvador Allende’s government in 1973.
1970-1990: Deprived of political and religious freedom, 20,000 Soviet Jews settled in Canada.
1971: After decades of being denied adequate political representation in the central Pakistani government, thousands of Bengali Muslims came to Canada at the outbreak of the Bangladesh Liberation War.
1971-1972: Canada admitted some 228 Tibetans. These refugees, along with their fellow countrymen, were fleeing their homeland after China occupied it in 1959.
1972-1973: Following Idi Amin’s expulsion of Ugandan Asians, 7,000 Ismaili Muslims fled and were brought to Canada.
1979: Iranian refugees fled Iran following the overthrow of the Shah and the imposition of an Islamic Fundamentalist regime.
1979 -1980: More than 60,000 Boat People found refuge in Canada after the Communist victory in the Vietnam War.
1980s: Khmer Cambodians, victims of the Communist regime and the aftershocks of Communist victory in the Vietnam War, fled to Canada.
1982: The Constitution of Canada was amended to entrench the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
1986: The United Nations awarded Canada the Nansen Medal for its outstanding humanitarian tradition of settling refugees.
1990s: By the 1990s, asylum seekers came to Canada from all over the world, particularly Latin America, Eastern Europe and Africa.
1992: 5,000 Bosnian Muslims were admitted to Canada to escape the ethnic cleansing in the Yugoslav Civil War.
1999: Canada airlifted more than 5,000 Kosovars, most of whom were Muslim, to safety.
2006: Canada resettled over 3,900 Karen refugees from refugee camps in Thailand.
2008: Canada began the process of resettling more than 5,000 Bhutanese refugees over five years.
2010: Refugees from more than 140 countries were either resettled or were granted asylum in Canada.
2011: Canada expands its refugee resettlement programs by 20% over three years.
Each year, Canada provides asylum to more than 10,000 persecuted persons and welcomes another 12,000 refugees from abroad.
If you, your family or your community organization would like to sponsor a refugee, please visit cic.gc.ca for information.
Date Modified:
2012-10-10
Canada: A History of Refuge
A Time Line
1776: 3,000 Black Loyalists, among them freemen and slaves, fled the oppression of the American Revolution and came to Canada.
1781: Butler’s Rangers, a military unit loyal to the Crown and based at Fort Niagara, settled some of the first Loyalist refugees from the United States in the Niagara peninsula, along the northern shores of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.
1783: Sir Guy Carleton, Governor of the British Province of Quebec, and later to become Lord Dorchester, safely transported 35,000 Loyalist refugees from New York to Nova Scotia. Some settled in Quebec, and others in Kingston and Adolphustown in Ontario.
1789: Lord Dorchester, Governor-in-Chief of British North America, gave official recognition to the “First Loyalists” – those loyal to the Crown who fled the oppression of the American Revolution to settle in Nova Scotia and Quebec.
1793: Upper Canada became the first province in the British Empire to abolish slavery. In turn, over the course of the 19th century, thousands of black slaves escaped from the United States and came to Canada with the aid of the Underground Railroad, a Christian anti-slavery network.
Late 1700s: Scots Highlanders, refugees of the Highland Clearances during the modernization of Scotland, settled in Canada.
1830: Polish refugees fled to Canada to escape Russian oppression. The year 1858 marked the first significant mass migration of Poles escaping Prussian occupation in northern Poland.
1880-1914: Italians escaped the ravages of Italy’s unification as farmers were driven off their land as a result of the new Italian state reforms.
1880-1914: Thousands of persecuted Jews, fleeing pogroms in the Pale of Settlement, sought refuge in Canada.
1891: The migration of 170,000 Ukrainians began, mainly to flee oppression from areas under Austro-Hungarian rule, marking the first wave of Ukrainians seeking refuge in Canada.
1920-1939: The second wave of Ukrainians fled from Communism, civil war and Soviet occupation.
1945-1952: The third wave of Ukrainians fled Communist rule.
1947-1952: 250,000 displaced persons (DPs) from Central and Eastern Europe came to Canada, victims of both National Socialism (Nazism) and Communism, and Soviet occupation.
1950s: Canada admitted Palestinian Arabs, driven from their homeland by the Israeli-Arab war of 1948.
1950s-1970s: A significant influx of Middle Eastern and North African Jews fled to Canada.
1951: The United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees was created.
1956: 37,000 Hungarians escaped Soviet tyranny and found refuge in Canada.
1960: Prime Minister John Diefenbaker, whose grandfather was a German refugee of the Napoleonic Wars, introduced Canada’s first Bill of Rights.
1960s: Chinese refugees fled the Communist violence of the Cultural Revolution.
1968-1969: 11,000 Czech refugees fled the Soviet and Warsaw Pact Communist invasion.
1969: Canada signed the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, and its Protocol, agreeing not to return a person to their country of origin if that person had grounds to fear persecution.
1970s: 7,000 Chilean and other Latin American refugees were allowed to stay in Canada after the violent overthrow of Salvador Allende’s government in 1973.
1970-1990: Deprived of political and religious freedom, 20,000 Soviet Jews settled in Canada.
1971: After decades of being denied adequate political representation in the central Pakistani government, thousands of Bengali Muslims came to Canada at the outbreak of the Bangladesh Liberation War.
1971-1972: Canada admitted some 228 Tibetans. These refugees, along with their fellow countrymen, were fleeing their homeland after China occupied it in 1959.
1972-1973: Following Idi Amin’s expulsion of Ugandan Asians, 7,000 Ismaili Muslims fled and were brought to Canada.
1979: Iranian refugees fled Iran following the overthrow of the Shah and the imposition of an Islamic Fundamentalist regime.
1979 -1980: More than 60,000 Boat People found refuge in Canada after the Communist victory in the Vietnam War.
1980s: Khmer Cambodians, victims of the Communist regime and the aftershocks of Communist victory in the Vietnam War, fled to Canada.
1982: The Constitution of Canada was amended to entrench the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
1986: The United Nations awarded Canada the Nansen Medal for its outstanding humanitarian tradition of settling refugees.
1990s: By the 1990s, asylum seekers came to Canada from all over the world, particularly Latin America, Eastern Europe and Africa.
1992: 5,000 Bosnian Muslims were admitted to Canada to escape the ethnic cleansing in the Yugoslav Civil War.
1999: Canada airlifted more than 5,000 Kosovars, most of whom were Muslim, to safety.
2006: Canada resettled over 3,900 Karen refugees from refugee camps in Thailand.
2008: Canada began the process of resettling more than 5,000 Bhutanese refugees over five years.
2010: Refugees from more than 140 countries were either resettled or were granted asylum in Canada.
2011: Canada expands its refugee resettlement programs by 20% over three years.
Each year, Canada provides asylum to more than 10,000 persecuted persons and welcomes another 12,000 refugees from abroad.
If you, your family or your community organization would like to sponsor a refugee, please visit cic.gc.ca for information.
Date Modified:
2012-10-10
那就别跟大家说国人国人的了。一来，既然是个体坚持自己的政治主张，就不要总是以“我们我们”之类的做主语，谁跟你是“我们”？一人一张选票而不是一群人一张选票的意思就是，说出“我”而不是“我们”，只有“我”而没有“我们”。你跟谁的施政纲领吻合，是一票对一票的巧合，而不是预先拉帮结派统一思想的操作性的必然。二来，都已经说“加拿大是我们的国家”了，从哪里又冒出来“国人”一说或提法？中文中国人通常代指中国人，明明是加拿大人，谁跟你是“国人”？哪来的这个外国人在加拿大的政治取向性团体？
如果在一个政治参与性较强的主张和号召中，出现如此多的含混的，二义的，矛盾的，对立的概念、思路、和原则，倒是应该梳理一下思路条理，搞清楚自己到底是哪国人？了解或遵循与否这个政治制度和政体所基于的那个价值观体系，还是一如既往地用一个外来者的视角和意识形态来参与移民以后国家的政治活动并行使政治权利？
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if you are interested in picking words.
国人，在我，means, 华人,加籍华人。
