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What are the Panama Papers? A guide to the biggest data leak in history
What is Mossack Fonseca, how big is it, and who uses offshore firms? Key questions about one of the biggest ever data leaks
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The Panama Papers: how to hide a billion dollars – video explainer
Luke Harding
Monday 4 April 2016 11.24 BSTLast modified on Monday 4 April 201613.02 BST
Save for later
The Panama Papers are an unprecedented leak of 11.5m files from the database of the world’s fourth biggest offshore law firm, Mossack Fonseca. The records were obtained from an anonymous source by the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung, which shared them with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). The ICIJ then shared them with a large network of international partners, including the Guardian and the BBC.
What do they reveal?
The documents show the myriad ways in which the rich can exploit secretive offshore tax regimes. Twelve national leaders are among 143 politicians, their families and close associates from around the world known to have been using offshore tax havens.
A $2bn trail leads all the way to Vladimir Putin. The Russian president’s best friend – a cellist called Sergei Roldugin – is at the centre of a scheme in which money from Russian state banks is hidden offshore. Some of it ends up in a ski resort where in 2013 Putin’s daughter Katerina got married.
Among national leaders with offshore wealth are Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan’s prime minister; Ayad Allawi, ex-interim prime minister and former vice-president of Iraq; Petro Poroshenko, president of Ukraine; Alaa Mubarak, son of Egypt’s former president; and the prime minister of Iceland, Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson.
A lengthier overview of the revelations can be found here.
What is Mossack Fonseca?
It is a Panama-based law firm whose services include incorporating companies in offshore jurisdictions such as the British Virgin Islands. It administers offshore firms for a yearly fee. Other services include wealth management.
Where is it based?
The firm is Panamanian but runs a worldwide operation. Its website boasts of a global network with 600 people working in 42 countries. It has franchises around the world, where separately owned affiliates sign up new customers and have exclusive rights to use its brand. Mossack Fonseca operates in tax havensincluding Switzerland, Cyprus and the British Virgin Islands, and in the British crown dependencies Guernsey, Jersey and the Isle of Man.
How big is it?
Mossack Fonseca is the world’s fourth biggest provider of offshore services. It has acted for more than 300,000 companies. There is a strong UK connection. More than half of the companies are registered in British-administered tax havens, as well as in the UK itself.
How much data has been leaked?
A lot. The leak is one of the biggest ever – larger than the US diplomatic cables released by WikiLeaks in 2010, and the secret intelligence documents given to journalists by Edward Snowden in 2013. There are 11.5m documents and 2.6 terabytes of information drawn from Mossack Fonseca’s internal database.
Are all people who use offshore structures crooks?
No. Using offshore structures is entirely legal. There are many legitimate reasons for doing so. Business people in countries such as Russia and Ukraine typically put their assets offshore to defend them from “raids” by criminals, and to get around hard currency restrictions. Others use offshore for reasons of inheritance and estate planning.
Are some people who use offshore structures crooks?
Yes. In a speech last year in Singapore, David Cameron said “the corrupt, criminals and money launderers” take advantage of anonymous company structures. The government is trying to do something about this. It wants to set up a central register that will reveal the beneficial owners of offshore companies. From June, UK companies will have to reveal their “significant” owners for the first time.
What does Mossack Fonseca say about the leak?
The firm won’t discuss specific cases of alleged wrongdoing, citing client confidentiality. But it robustly defends its conduct. Mossack Fonseca says it complies with anti-money-laundering laws and carries out thorough due diligence on all its clients. It says it regrets any misuse of its services and tries actively to prevent it. The firm says it cannot be blamed for failings by intermediaries, who include banks, law firms and accountants.
Panama Papers reporting team: Juliette Garside, Luke Harding, Holly Watt, David Pegg, Helena Bengtsson, Simon Bowers, Owen Gibson and Nick Hopkins
大批密件曝光逃税 政要明星皆上榜
被称为“史上最大离岸揭秘”的“巴拿马文件”披露大批政治家和名人在逃税天堂的秘密财富，其中包括中国国家主席习近平的家人、俄罗斯总统普京的亲信和影星成龙。
（德国之声中文网）100多家媒体对1150万份文件进行了调查分析，揭露了全世界约140名政治家在逃税天堂的秘密存款。
德国《南德意志报》的一个匿名消息人士首先获得这份资料，之后通过"国际调查报道记者联盟（ICIJ）"与全球媒体分享。
此批文件涉及214000家离岸公司过去40年的纪录，都来自位于巴拿马的法律服务公司莫萨克•冯赛卡（Mossack Fonseca）。这些文件由此被称作"巴拿马文件（Panama Papers）" 。该公司在全球超过35个国家设有分公司。
其中一份文件显示，普京的一些亲信透过银行和影子公司秘密转移总额多达20亿美元的资金，但是文件中没有直接提及普京本人的名字。
位于巴拿马的法律服务公司莫萨克•冯赛卡（Mossack Fonseca）
文件调查中提及12名现任和前任国家元首，包括冰岛总理、巴基斯坦总理、乌克兰总统、沙特阿拉伯国王。另外影星成龙和球星梅西等名人也被点名。
文件还揭露中国国家主席习近平的家人以及英国首相的父亲均和离岸帐户有关联，冰岛总理在金融危机期间秘密持有数百万美元的银行债券。
史上最大离岸揭秘
国际调查记者联盟主席莱尔（Gerard Ryle）说："我认为，鉴于文件的规模，此次揭秘将成为离岸世界遭遇的有史以来的最大打击。"
莫萨克•冯赛卡公司的创始人之一Ramon Fonseca向法新社表示，这些文件外泄是一种罪行，是对巴拿马的一次攻击。"部分国家不喜欢我们在吸引公司方面如此具有竞争力。"
巴拿马政府称，该国对任何不正当交易都采取零容忍的态度，并表示将会积极配合所有合法调查。国际调查记者联盟还指出，虽然文件中提及的大多数交易都是合法的，但是这一披露将对其中不少名字带来严重的政治影响。
What is Mossack Fonseca, how big is it, and who uses offshore firms? Key questions about one of the biggest ever data leaks
- Revealed: the $2bn offshore trail that leads to Vladimir Putin
- How the world’s rich and famous hide their money offshore
- Panama Papers: global reaction - live
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The Panama Papers: how to hide a billion dollars – video explainer
Luke Harding
Monday 4 April 2016 11.24 BSTLast modified on Monday 4 April 201613.02 BST
Save for later
The Panama Papers are an unprecedented leak of 11.5m files from the database of the world’s fourth biggest offshore law firm, Mossack Fonseca. The records were obtained from an anonymous source by the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung, which shared them with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). The ICIJ then shared them with a large network of international partners, including the Guardian and the BBC.
What do they reveal?
The documents show the myriad ways in which the rich can exploit secretive offshore tax regimes. Twelve national leaders are among 143 politicians, their families and close associates from around the world known to have been using offshore tax havens.
A $2bn trail leads all the way to Vladimir Putin. The Russian president’s best friend – a cellist called Sergei Roldugin – is at the centre of a scheme in which money from Russian state banks is hidden offshore. Some of it ends up in a ski resort where in 2013 Putin’s daughter Katerina got married.
Among national leaders with offshore wealth are Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan’s prime minister; Ayad Allawi, ex-interim prime minister and former vice-president of Iraq; Petro Poroshenko, president of Ukraine; Alaa Mubarak, son of Egypt’s former president; and the prime minister of Iceland, Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson.
A lengthier overview of the revelations can be found here.
What is Mossack Fonseca?
It is a Panama-based law firm whose services include incorporating companies in offshore jurisdictions such as the British Virgin Islands. It administers offshore firms for a yearly fee. Other services include wealth management.
Where is it based?
The firm is Panamanian but runs a worldwide operation. Its website boasts of a global network with 600 people working in 42 countries. It has franchises around the world, where separately owned affiliates sign up new customers and have exclusive rights to use its brand. Mossack Fonseca operates in tax havensincluding Switzerland, Cyprus and the British Virgin Islands, and in the British crown dependencies Guernsey, Jersey and the Isle of Man.
How big is it?
Mossack Fonseca is the world’s fourth biggest provider of offshore services. It has acted for more than 300,000 companies. There is a strong UK connection. More than half of the companies are registered in British-administered tax havens, as well as in the UK itself.
How much data has been leaked?
A lot. The leak is one of the biggest ever – larger than the US diplomatic cables released by WikiLeaks in 2010, and the secret intelligence documents given to journalists by Edward Snowden in 2013. There are 11.5m documents and 2.6 terabytes of information drawn from Mossack Fonseca’s internal database.
Are all people who use offshore structures crooks?
No. Using offshore structures is entirely legal. There are many legitimate reasons for doing so. Business people in countries such as Russia and Ukraine typically put their assets offshore to defend them from “raids” by criminals, and to get around hard currency restrictions. Others use offshore for reasons of inheritance and estate planning.
Are some people who use offshore structures crooks?
Yes. In a speech last year in Singapore, David Cameron said “the corrupt, criminals and money launderers” take advantage of anonymous company structures. The government is trying to do something about this. It wants to set up a central register that will reveal the beneficial owners of offshore companies. From June, UK companies will have to reveal their “significant” owners for the first time.
What does Mossack Fonseca say about the leak?
The firm won’t discuss specific cases of alleged wrongdoing, citing client confidentiality. But it robustly defends its conduct. Mossack Fonseca says it complies with anti-money-laundering laws and carries out thorough due diligence on all its clients. It says it regrets any misuse of its services and tries actively to prevent it. The firm says it cannot be blamed for failings by intermediaries, who include banks, law firms and accountants.
Panama Papers reporting team: Juliette Garside, Luke Harding, Holly Watt, David Pegg, Helena Bengtsson, Simon Bowers, Owen Gibson and Nick Hopkins
大批密件曝光逃税 政要明星皆上榜
被称为“史上最大离岸揭秘”的“巴拿马文件”披露大批政治家和名人在逃税天堂的秘密财富，其中包括中国国家主席习近平的家人、俄罗斯总统普京的亲信和影星成龙。
（德国之声中文网）100多家媒体对1150万份文件进行了调查分析，揭露了全世界约140名政治家在逃税天堂的秘密存款。
德国《南德意志报》的一个匿名消息人士首先获得这份资料，之后通过"国际调查报道记者联盟（ICIJ）"与全球媒体分享。
此批文件涉及214000家离岸公司过去40年的纪录，都来自位于巴拿马的法律服务公司莫萨克•冯赛卡（Mossack Fonseca）。这些文件由此被称作"巴拿马文件（Panama Papers）" 。该公司在全球超过35个国家设有分公司。
其中一份文件显示，普京的一些亲信透过银行和影子公司秘密转移总额多达20亿美元的资金，但是文件中没有直接提及普京本人的名字。
位于巴拿马的法律服务公司莫萨克•冯赛卡（Mossack Fonseca）
文件调查中提及12名现任和前任国家元首，包括冰岛总理、巴基斯坦总理、乌克兰总统、沙特阿拉伯国王。另外影星成龙和球星梅西等名人也被点名。
文件还揭露中国国家主席习近平的家人以及英国首相的父亲均和离岸帐户有关联，冰岛总理在金融危机期间秘密持有数百万美元的银行债券。
史上最大离岸揭秘
国际调查记者联盟主席莱尔（Gerard Ryle）说："我认为，鉴于文件的规模，此次揭秘将成为离岸世界遭遇的有史以来的最大打击。"
莫萨克•冯赛卡公司的创始人之一Ramon Fonseca向法新社表示，这些文件外泄是一种罪行，是对巴拿马的一次攻击。"部分国家不喜欢我们在吸引公司方面如此具有竞争力。"
巴拿马政府称，该国对任何不正当交易都采取零容忍的态度，并表示将会积极配合所有合法调查。国际调查记者联盟还指出，虽然文件中提及的大多数交易都是合法的，但是这一披露将对其中不少名字带来严重的政治影响。
