冬天科普贴,每年一次提醒。室内一定要维持湿度!

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干部。干是一种美德。
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流感在冬天传播的真实原因
大卫·罗布森(David Robson)
  • 151027111432_flu_germs_624x351_spl.jpg
    Image copyrightSPL
Image caption每一季都有多达500万人得流感(图片来源:SPL)
每当夏去秋来,落叶飘零,它都会准时出现。随着温度降低,阳光渐弱,鼻涕也会随之而来。如果病情不重,那就只是一场感冒,会让我们的喉咙感觉有如刀刮过一样;如果你不幸病情较重,整个身体都会发高烧,四肢也会感觉疼痛,这种情况可能持续一周甚至更长时间。这说明我们得了流感。

流感季节总是很有规律,而且总会影响很多人。但即便如此,科学家对于寒冷的天气为什么有助于流感病菌的传播却知之甚少,这着实令人意外。

然而,过去5年间,他们终于找到了答案,这或许有助于阻止流感的大范围爆发——这一切的核心都源自你打出的喷嚏在空气中的传播方式。

人类的确应当尽早加深对流感的认识;每个流感季节,全世界都有多达500万人患病,其中约25万人会因此丧命。流感的破坏力之所以如此巨大,部分原因在于流感病毒的变异速度极快,往往令我们的身体对下一季的菌株措不及防。

“我们体内的抗体已经无法识别这些病毒——所以我们失去了免疫力。”布里斯托大学的简·梅茨(Jane Metz)说。这也加大了开发疫苗的难度,虽然完全可以为每一种菌株都设计一种新的疫苗,但政府往往无法说服足够的人注射疫苗。

151027111531_flu_germs2.jpg

Image caption病菌会长时间漂浮在地铁车厢里(图片来源:Getty Images)
倘若能够更好地了解流感为什么在冬季流行,到了夏季却销声匿迹,医生便可找到简单的方法来抑制它的传播。之前的理论都集中于我们自身的行为。我们冬天会在室内停留更长时间,因而会与可能携带病菌的人更近距离的接触。

到了冬天,我们也更有可能乘坐公共交通工具,例如——当紧靠着唾沫飞溅的路人时,当车窗上的雾气混入了他们的咳嗽或喷嚏时,我们便很容易置身于流感传播的引爆点之中。

还有一个流行的观点则把分析重点集中于我们的生理机能:寒冷的天气会导致你的身体丧失对传染病的抵抗力。由于冬天日照时间缩短,我们体内的维生素D含量可能降低。由于维生素D有助于加强我们的免疫系统,因此这种营养物质的缺乏导致我们更容易患传染病。

另外,在冷空气中呼吸时,鼻腔内的血管也有可能收缩,避免损失热量。这有可能阻碍白细胞(对抗病菌的斗士)到达鼻粘膜,使之无法杀死我们吸入的病毒,让病菌得以在不知不觉间绕过人体的防御系统。(或许正因如此,所以当我们湿着头发出门时很容易感冒。)

151027111531_flu_sgerms3.jpg

Image caption我们冬天更有可能乘坐公共交通工具,与湿漉漉的窗户和唾沫飞溅的乘客亲密接触(图片来源:iStock)
虽然这些因素都在流感的传播中扮演了一定的角色,但分析表明,这些理论依然无法完全解释每年都会出现的流感季节。事实上,真正的答案或许隐藏在我们呼吸的隐形空气中。由于热力学定律,冷空气携带的水蒸汽将会减少,并在到达“露点”后变成雨水降落下来。

所以,尽管到了冬天,外面的天气看起来更潮湿了,但由于空气湿度降低了,所以空气本身反而更加干燥。过去几年的一系列研究表明,这些干燥的环境似乎为流感病毒的生长和传播创造了绝佳的环境。

例如,科学家已经通过实验研究了流感在豚鼠之间的传播途径。在潮湿的空气中,流感病毒难以积聚势头,而在干燥的空气中却会像野火般迅速蔓延。

我应该戴口罩吗?
研究结论是

  • 走进公共场所时,你呼吸的空气中都会混入他人的咳嗽和喷嚏——这些东西会在空气中漂浮数日。口罩是避免吸入病菌的常见预防措施——但效果究竟怎样?
  • 为了得出结论,澳大利亚的一项研究调查了因为流感来医院就诊的病人。结果发现,在他们的家人中,戴医用口罩的人被传染的概率下降80%。
  • 尽管后来的论文多数都证实了这一结果,但似乎必须与勤洗手和良好的卫生习惯配合才能起到效果。否则,戴口罩就有点像关闭所有窗户的同时却敞开大门一样——忽视了最明显的一道防线。
将最近30年的气候记录与健康档案进行对比后,哥伦比亚大学的杰弗里·沙曼(Jeffrey Shaman)和他的同事发现,流感爆发几乎总是伴随着空气湿度的下降。

事实上,这两个图形的重叠度极高,“几乎可以用一个图形完全覆盖另一个。”梅茨最近与亚当·费恩(Adam Finn)共同为《传染病期刊》(Journal of Infection)评估了所有的证据。这一发现已经得到了反复的验证,包括2009年爆发的猪流感。

这似乎违反直觉——我们通常认为,潮湿的天气容易使人生病,而不是为我们提供保护。

要理解背后的原因,就需要了解咳嗽和打喷嚏的动力学特性。当我们因为得了感冒而咳嗽或打喷嚏时,会从鼻子和嘴巴喷出许多微粒。

在潮湿的空气中,这些微粒可能相对较大,很容易落到地面上。但在干燥的空气中,这些微粒会分解成更小的微粒——最终小得足以在空中漂浮好几个小时,甚至好几天。(这有点像把喷头调到最细的那一档上产生的喷雾。)

正因如此,到了冬天,我们吸入的空气中就会混入最近进入房间的所有人通过呼吸道排出的死细胞、粘液和病毒。

另外,空气中的水蒸气本身似乎也会对病毒构成威胁。通过改变一团粘液的酸度或盐度,湿润的空气或许就可以瓦解病毒的表面,使之失去攻击人体细胞的常用武器。相比而言,病毒能在干燥的空气中漂浮好几个小时,直至被我们吸入呼吸道,并在我们喉咙的细胞里安家。

但也有一些例外情况。虽然飞机上的空气通常都很干燥,但似乎并不会增加患流感的风险——或许是因为空调本身可以过滤病菌,使之无法流通。

而且,尽管干燥的空气似乎能在欧洲和北美的温带地区促进流感的传播,但在更靠近赤道的地方却产生了一些矛盾的结果,表明病菌在那些地方的活动方式可能略有不同。

151027111531_flu_germs4.jpg

Image caption要理解背后的原因,就需要了解咳嗽和打喷嚏的动力学特性(图片来源:Getty Images)
有一种观点认为,在特别温暖湿润的赤道气候中,病毒最终会贴附在室内的更多表面上。所以,尽管流感病毒不能在空气中轻易生存,但它却能存活于你所触及的任何一个表面,使之更有可能通过手进入我们的口腔。

但至少在北半球,可以根据这些发现设计一种简单的方式,在病菌仍然漂浮在空气中的时候将其消灭。当泰勒·科普(Tyler Koep)就职于明尼苏达州罗切斯特市的梅约诊所时,他曾经估计,只要在学校里使用空气加湿器一个小时,就能杀死30%漂浮在空气中的流感病毒。

还可以采取其他一些类似的措施,例如在医院大厅或公共交通工具等流感传播的热点地区泼洒冷水。“这可以抑制因为病毒的变异而每隔几年爆发一次的严重流感疫情。”他说,“疫情会导致企业停工、学校停课、健康受损,潜在影响十分巨大。”

151027111531_flu_germs5.jpg

Image caption戴医用口罩能否预防感冒?未必总能奏效(图片来源:Getty Images)
沙玛目前正在展开进一步的尝试,但他认为,应该采取更加微妙的平衡措施。“尽管提高湿度可以降低流感病毒的存活率,但其他的病原体却会因为湿度的升高而更加活跃。”他说,“所以在加湿过程中必须保持谨慎——这并不是有利无害的。”

科学家们都在强调,疫苗和良好的个人卫生仍是保护自己的最好方式;使用水蒸气杀死病菌只是额外开辟的一条战线。但当你要对付像流感病毒那样善变而无处不在的敌人时,就需要动用所有可以使用的武器。
 
别漏了大蒜!:evil:
 
流感在冬天传播的真实原因
大卫·罗布森(David Robson)
  • 151027111432_flu_germs_624x351_spl.jpg
    Image copyrightSPL
Image caption每一季都有多达500万人得流感(图片来源:SPL)
每当夏去秋来,落叶飘零,它都会准时出现。随着温度降低,阳光渐弱,鼻涕也会随之而来。如果病情不重,那就只是一场感冒,会让我们的喉咙感觉有如刀刮过一样;如果你不幸病情较重,整个身体都会发高烧,四肢也会感觉疼痛,这种情况可能持续一周甚至更长时间。这说明我们得了流感。

流感季节总是很有规律,而且总会影响很多人。但即便如此,科学家对于寒冷的天气为什么有助于流感病菌的传播却知之甚少,这着实令人意外。

然而,过去5年间,他们终于找到了答案,这或许有助于阻止流感的大范围爆发——这一切的核心都源自你打出的喷嚏在空气中的传播方式。

人类的确应当尽早加深对流感的认识;每个流感季节,全世界都有多达500万人患病,其中约25万人会因此丧命。流感的破坏力之所以如此巨大,部分原因在于流感病毒的变异速度极快,往往令我们的身体对下一季的菌株措不及防。

“我们体内的抗体已经无法识别这些病毒——所以我们失去了免疫力。”布里斯托大学的简·梅茨(Jane Metz)说。这也加大了开发疫苗的难度,虽然完全可以为每一种菌株都设计一种新的疫苗,但政府往往无法说服足够的人注射疫苗。

151027111531_flu_germs2.jpg

Image caption病菌会长时间漂浮在地铁车厢里(图片来源:Getty Images)
倘若能够更好地了解流感为什么在冬季流行,到了夏季却销声匿迹,医生便可找到简单的方法来抑制它的传播。之前的理论都集中于我们自身的行为。我们冬天会在室内停留更长时间,因而会与可能携带病菌的人更近距离的接触。

到了冬天,我们也更有可能乘坐公共交通工具,例如——当紧靠着唾沫飞溅的路人时,当车窗上的雾气混入了他们的咳嗽或喷嚏时,我们便很容易置身于流感传播的引爆点之中。

还有一个流行的观点则把分析重点集中于我们的生理机能:寒冷的天气会导致你的身体丧失对传染病的抵抗力。由于冬天日照时间缩短,我们体内的维生素D含量可能降低。由于维生素D有助于加强我们的免疫系统,因此这种营养物质的缺乏导致我们更容易患传染病。

另外,在冷空气中呼吸时,鼻腔内的血管也有可能收缩,避免损失热量。这有可能阻碍白细胞(对抗病菌的斗士)到达鼻粘膜,使之无法杀死我们吸入的病毒,让病菌得以在不知不觉间绕过人体的防御系统。(或许正因如此,所以当我们湿着头发出门时很容易感冒。)

151027111531_flu_sgerms3.jpg

Image caption我们冬天更有可能乘坐公共交通工具,与湿漉漉的窗户和唾沫飞溅的乘客亲密接触(图片来源:iStock)
虽然这些因素都在流感的传播中扮演了一定的角色,但分析表明,这些理论依然无法完全解释每年都会出现的流感季节。事实上,真正的答案或许隐藏在我们呼吸的隐形空气中。由于热力学定律,冷空气携带的水蒸汽将会减少,并在到达“露点”后变成雨水降落下来。

所以,尽管到了冬天,外面的天气看起来更潮湿了,但由于空气湿度降低了,所以空气本身反而更加干燥。过去几年的一系列研究表明,这些干燥的环境似乎为流感病毒的生长和传播创造了绝佳的环境。

例如,科学家已经通过实验研究了流感在豚鼠之间的传播途径。在潮湿的空气中,流感病毒难以积聚势头,而在干燥的空气中却会像野火般迅速蔓延。

我应该戴口罩吗?
研究结论是

  • 走进公共场所时,你呼吸的空气中都会混入他人的咳嗽和喷嚏——这些东西会在空气中漂浮数日。口罩是避免吸入病菌的常见预防措施——但效果究竟怎样?
  • 为了得出结论,澳大利亚的一项研究调查了因为流感来医院就诊的病人。结果发现,在他们的家人中,戴医用口罩的人被传染的概率下降80%。
  • 尽管后来的论文多数都证实了这一结果,但似乎必须与勤洗手和良好的卫生习惯配合才能起到效果。否则,戴口罩就有点像关闭所有窗户的同时却敞开大门一样——忽视了最明显的一道防线。
将最近30年的气候记录与健康档案进行对比后,哥伦比亚大学的杰弗里·沙曼(Jeffrey Shaman)和他的同事发现,流感爆发几乎总是伴随着空气湿度的下降。

事实上,这两个图形的重叠度极高,“几乎可以用一个图形完全覆盖另一个。”梅茨最近与亚当·费恩(Adam Finn)共同为《传染病期刊》(Journal of Infection)评估了所有的证据。这一发现已经得到了反复的验证,包括2009年爆发的猪流感。

这似乎违反直觉——我们通常认为,潮湿的天气容易使人生病,而不是为我们提供保护。

要理解背后的原因,就需要了解咳嗽和打喷嚏的动力学特性。当我们因为得了感冒而咳嗽或打喷嚏时,会从鼻子和嘴巴喷出许多微粒。

在潮湿的空气中,这些微粒可能相对较大,很容易落到地面上。但在干燥的空气中,这些微粒会分解成更小的微粒——最终小得足以在空中漂浮好几个小时,甚至好几天。(这有点像把喷头调到最细的那一档上产生的喷雾。)

正因如此,到了冬天,我们吸入的空气中就会混入最近进入房间的所有人通过呼吸道排出的死细胞、粘液和病毒。

另外,空气中的水蒸气本身似乎也会对病毒构成威胁。通过改变一团粘液的酸度或盐度,湿润的空气或许就可以瓦解病毒的表面,使之失去攻击人体细胞的常用武器。相比而言,病毒能在干燥的空气中漂浮好几个小时,直至被我们吸入呼吸道,并在我们喉咙的细胞里安家。

但也有一些例外情况。虽然飞机上的空气通常都很干燥,但似乎并不会增加患流感的风险——或许是因为空调本身可以过滤病菌,使之无法流通。

而且,尽管干燥的空气似乎能在欧洲和北美的温带地区促进流感的传播,但在更靠近赤道的地方却产生了一些矛盾的结果,表明病菌在那些地方的活动方式可能略有不同。

151027111531_flu_germs4.jpg

Image caption要理解背后的原因,就需要了解咳嗽和打喷嚏的动力学特性(图片来源:Getty Images)
有一种观点认为,在特别温暖湿润的赤道气候中,病毒最终会贴附在室内的更多表面上。所以,尽管流感病毒不能在空气中轻易生存,但它却能存活于你所触及的任何一个表面,使之更有可能通过手进入我们的口腔。

但至少在北半球,可以根据这些发现设计一种简单的方式,在病菌仍然漂浮在空气中的时候将其消灭。当泰勒·科普(Tyler Koep)就职于明尼苏达州罗切斯特市的梅约诊所时,他曾经估计,只要在学校里使用空气加湿器一个小时,就能杀死30%漂浮在空气中的流感病毒。

还可以采取其他一些类似的措施,例如在医院大厅或公共交通工具等流感传播的热点地区泼洒冷水。“这可以抑制因为病毒的变异而每隔几年爆发一次的严重流感疫情。”他说,“疫情会导致企业停工、学校停课、健康受损,潜在影响十分巨大。”

151027111531_flu_germs5.jpg

Image caption戴医用口罩能否预防感冒?未必总能奏效(图片来源:Getty Images)
沙玛目前正在展开进一步的尝试,但他认为,应该采取更加微妙的平衡措施。“尽管提高湿度可以降低流感病毒的存活率,但其他的病原体却会因为湿度的升高而更加活跃。”他说,“所以在加湿过程中必须保持谨慎——这并不是有利无害的。”

科学家们都在强调,疫苗和良好的个人卫生仍是保护自己的最好方式;使用水蒸气杀死病菌只是额外开辟的一条战线。但当你要对付像流感病毒那样善变而无处不在的敌人时,就需要动用所有可以使用的武器。
室内一定维持湿度还会感冒吗?:D
 
这明显是一托,卖加速器的:)

常识是潮湿环境容易滋生细菌,潮湿空气更容易传播病毒。
 
放葱蒜是什么道理?流感病毒不是细菌....
 
当年的萨斯都在沿海潮湿地区,没有几例在西北。
 
这明显是一托,卖加速器的:)

常识是潮湿环境容易滋生细菌,潮湿空气更容易传播病毒。

加湿器还是有用。屋里保持一定湿度是对。对人,电器,家具,特别是木制家具有好处。

你说的潮湿环境恐怕是指湿度过高超过了正常水平吧!
 
Higher Humidity Lowers Flu Transmission. You may be safer from the flu in a humid room than in a dry one, according to a new study from researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ... But when humidity levels were raised to 43 percent, just 14 percent of the virus particles had the ability to infect.Feb 27, 2013
Higher Humidity Lowers Flu Transmission - Live Science

https://www.livescience.com/27533-flu-transmission-humidity.html




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Humidity doesn't slow down spread of flu virus | Health24

https://www.health24.com/.../Flu/.../humidity-doesnt-slow-down-spread-of-flu-virus-2...

Aug 13, 2018 - Humidity doesn't hinder the ability of flu viruses to infect people, claims a new study that challenges a long-held belief that the viruses become ...
Higher Humidity Lowers Flu Transmission - Live Science

https://www.livescience.com › Health

Feb 27, 2013 - Higher Humidity Lowers Flu Transmission. You may be safer from the flu in a humidroom than in a dry one, according to a new study from researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ... But when humidity levels were raised to 43 percent, just 14 percent of the virus particles had the ability to infect.
Roles of Humidity and Temperature in Shaping Influenza Seasonality ...

https://jvi.asm.org/content/88/14/7692

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Experimental studies in guinea pigs demonstrated that influenza virus transmission is strongly modulated by temperature and humidity. A number of ...

Higher indoor humidity inactivates flu virus particles -- ScienceDaily

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Feb 27, 2013 - Summary: Higher humidity levels indoors can significantly reduce the infectivity ofinfluenza virus particles released by coughing, according to new research. ... The researchers tested the effect of relative humidity on the capacity of flu virus released in a simulated 'cough' to re-infect cells.
Higher Indoor Humidity Levels Might Slow Flu's Spread – WebMD

https://www.webmd.com › Cold, Flu, & Cough › News

Feb 28, 2013 - The result: the team found that when humidity levels were set to 43 percent, only 14 percent of the virus particles that were released were able to transmit the influenza virus, compared with a transmission rate of 70 percent to 77 percent in a relatively low-humidity environment (23 percent).

How Weather Sparks The Flu: It's All About The Humidity : Shots - NPR

https://www.npr.org/sections/.../flu-risk-and-weather-its-not-the-heat-its-the-humidity

Mar 8, 2013 - Why do people in Boston get the flu when it's cold, while people in Senegal get sick when it's hot? Humidity is a big part of the explanation.

For the Flu, It's the Heat and the Humidity | Mental Floss

mentalfloss.com/article/88345/flu-its-heat-and-humidity

Nov 4, 2016 - Yet there are plenty of areas in the world that never get cold—and the flu still finds them anyway. Now researchers say changes in humidity ...
Humidity Fights Flu - JS Humidifiers

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An indoor humidity level of between 40-60%RH has been scientifically proven to combat airborne fluinfections. This ideal humidity level shortens the time ...
Flu: It's the Humidity. Absolutely | Science | AAAS

www.sciencemag.org/news/2009/02/flu-its-humidity-absolutely

Feb 9, 2009 - Study suggests that absolute, not relative, humidity explains why influenza is seasonal.
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www.cidrap.umn.edu/news.../study-flu-likes-weather-cold-and-dry-or-humid-and-rai...

Mar 8, 2013 - (CIDRAP News) – If peak influenza activity is an accurate measure, flu viruses prefer the weather either cold and dry or humid and rainy, ...

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sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2014/the-reason-for-the-season-why-flu-strikes-in-winter/

Dec 1, 2014 - He decided to first test whether or not the flu is transmitted better in a cold, dry climate than a warm, humid one. To test this, Palese infected ...
High Humidity Leads to Loss of Infectious Influenza Virus from ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3583861/

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Nov 15, 2013 - Homes can be kept at the optimal 40-60% relative humidity level through the use of a portable humidifier. In this humidity range, the flu virus ...
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Jun 13, 2018 - The paper titled “Influenza Virus Infectivity Is Retained in Aerosols and Droplets Independent of Relative Humidity” is marketed as a major ...
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Flu Weather: It's Not the Cold, It's the Humidity by Bob Henson ...

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Folk wisdom has it that cold weather predisposes you to a cold or flu bug. The truth is a bit more complicated—and a lot more interesting. Research over the past ...
Flu outbreaks are subject to humidity – not just heat | Cosmos

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Nov 1, 2016 - In temperate areas, the flu and winter go hand in hand. But what about the tropics? New global modelling links humidity, heat and the disease's ...
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www.pnas.org/content/106/9/3243

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Sep 16, 2015 - A recent study found that higher indoor humidity levels decreased that chances of airborne ... of the virus. Learn about indoor humidity and the flu.
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A study has shown that an indoor relative humidity (RH) above 40 per cent significantly reduces the infectivity of the influenza virus. Researchers set up an ...
Research suggests healthy humidity slows spread of flu

hillsdalecollegian.com › - Homepage - Science & Tech

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Jun 7, 2018 - Previous experiments using aerosolized flu virus alone – not in combination with airway secretions – showed that moderate to high humidity ...
The effects of humidity on flu virus survival in the home. - YouTube

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▶ 0:57

Dec 10, 2009 - Uploaded by YourUpdate
A newly-released scientific white paper indicates that the flu virus is significantly less likely to survive on ...

Seasonality of absolute humidity explains seasonality of influenza-like ...

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Experimental and ecological studies have shown the role of climatic factors in driving the epidemiology of influenza. In particular, low absolute humidity (AH) has ...
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While absolute humidity drives influenza across latitudes, temperature modulates the effect.
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Humidity vs Flu | steamovap technologies inc

steamovap.com/why/humidity-vs-flu/

Nov 7, 2017 - Humidity to fight flu & influenza viruses Abstract from ”Influenza and humidity: Why a bit more damp may be good for you!” by Jane A...
The Relationship between Humidity and Flu - Delran High School

dhs.delranschools.org/staff/caplin.../the_relationship_between_humidity_and_flu

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https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/173/2/127/99316

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Feb 10, 2009 - When absolute humidity is low, influenza virus survival is prolonged and transmission rates go up," said Jeffrey Shaman, an Oregon State ...
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https://www.upi.com/Health_News/2018/06/07/Humidity...flu.../1121528414077/

Jun 7, 2018 - THURSDAY, June 7, 2018 -- Humidity doesn't hinder the ability of flu viruses to infect people, claims a new study that challenges a long-held ...
Flu virus is protected by mucus when airborne, regardless of humidity ...

https://aerosol-soc.com/.../flu-virus-is-protected-by-mucus-when-airborne-regardless-...

Mucus and other airway secretions surrounding influenza viruses when coughed or exhaled from infected individuals may protect the virus in the aerosol phase, ...
 
每年提醒?那么去年前年你是谁?
 
我定期换衣服。卫生。
结果一般大家很快就看出来了。哈哈。
 
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