魔鬼(撒旦)有几位?

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伟大的新教神学家加尔文在他的 Institutes of the Christian religion Book 1 chapter 14 中有这么一段论述:
(https://www.ccel.org/ccel/c/calvin/institutes/cache/institutes.pdf)

14. That we may feel the more strongly urged to do so, the Scripture declares that the enemies who war against us are not one or two, or few in number, but a great host. Mary Magdalene is said to have been delivered from seven devils by which she was possessed; and our Saviour assures us that it is an ordinary circumstance, when a devil has been expelled, if access is again given to it, to take seven other spirits, more wicked than itself, and resume the vacant possession. Nay, one man is said to have been possessed by a whole legion. By this, then, we are taught that the number of enemies with whom we have to war is almost infinite, that we may not, from a contemptuous idea of the fewness of their numbers, be more remiss in the contest, or from imagining that an occasional truce is given us, indulge in sloth. In one Satan or devil being often mentioned in the singular number, the thing denoted is that domination of iniquity which is opposed to the reign of righteousness. For, as the Church and the communion of saints has Christ for its head, so the faction of the wicked and wickedness itself, is portrayed with its prince exercising supremacy. Hence the expression, “Depart, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels,” (Mt. 25:41).

下面分段解析一下。
That we may feel the more strongly urged to do so, the Scripture declares that the enemies who war against us are not one or two, or few in number, but a great host. 这一段没有什么问题。

Mary Magdalene is said to have been delivered from seven devils by which she was possessed; and our Saviour assures us that it is an ordinary circumstance, when a devil has been expelled, if access is again given to it, to take seven other spirits, more wicked than itself, and resume the vacant possession. Nay, one man is said to have been possessed by a whole legion. By this, then, we are taught that the number of enemies with whom we have to war is almost infinite, that we may not, from a contemptuous idea of the fewness of their numbers, be more remiss in the contest, or from imagining that an occasional truce is given us, indulge in sloth.
这一段也没有什么问题。如果说有一点小小的不严谨的话,就是Calvin提到主从抹大拉的玛利亚身上赶出了七个鬼,这个记载在马太福音16:9中用的是demons (daimonia)在路加福音8:2中用的是 evil (ponērōn) spirits (pneumatōn) 都不是Calvin用的 devil (Diabolos)。与此相似,马可福音5:8中主耶稣从格里森人身上赶出的群(legion)是污(akatharton)灵(pneumatōn)而不是devil。

Calvin这一段的核心论述是撒旦、魔鬼有很多而不止一个,但这只是他自己的观点没有任何圣经支持。这个观点是这样表述的:
In one Satan or devil being often mentioned in the singular number, the thing denoted is that domination of iniquity which is opposed to the reign of righteousness.

他的这个观点把圣经中有位格的(personal)魔鬼(the devil)又称龙(dragon)或撒旦(Satan)虚化成与“the reign of righteousness”对立的“that domination of iniquity”。可惜他没有提出任何经文支持他的这个观点。唯一勉强可以作为“证据”的,是他很隐晦地举了一个教会的例子:For, as the Church and the communion of saints has Christ for its head, so the faction of the wicked and wickedness itself, is portrayed with its prince exercising supremacy。但这个例子并不恰当,因为教会是由有位格的圣子耶稣为元首的。如果要类比,这个例子反证魔鬼的国也就是世界也是有一个有位格的邪灵(堕落天使)为首的,这个邪灵就是撒旦。

事实上圣经用提到魔鬼撒旦都是用的单数特指,并且用位格人称代词he, his, him来指代。有意思的是,Calvin自己在同一章紧接Section 14的Sections 13,15,16中也一直用单数特指的the devil or Satan, 并且用位格人称代词he, his, or him来指代魔鬼撒旦。

Calvin的上面这段论述,是顺着他在同一章Section 8 中关于天使的论述的逻辑推论来的。这段论述是这样的:
8. Those who presume to dogmatize on the ranks and numbers of angels, would do well to consider on what foundation they rest. As to their rank, I admit that Michael is described by David as a mighty Prince, and by Jude as an Archangel.60 Paul also tells us, that an archangel will blow the trumpet which is to summon the world to Judgment. But how is it possible from such passages to ascertain the gradations of honour among the angels to determine the insignia, and assign the place and station of each? Even the two names, Michael and Gabriel, mentioned in Scripture, or a third, if you choose to add it from the history of Tobit, seem to intimate by their meaning that they are given to angels in accommodation to the weakness of our capacity, though I rather choose not to speak positively on the point.

他的观点是,天使很多,但无所谓大小order,尽管他自己就引用了一些经文显示天使长(Archangel)米迦勒(Michael)的特殊地位却没有举出一条支持自己论点的经文。

个人认为启示录:12:7 无容置疑地表明了米迦勒的天使长的地位和魔鬼撒旦的邪灵之首的地位:
天上发生了战争:米迦勒和他的天使与龙作战。龙和牠的天使也起来应战. 8龙却抵挡不住,天上再也没有牠们的地方了。 9於是那大龙被摔了下来。牠就是那古蛇,名叫魔鬼,又叫撒但,是迷惑普天下的人的。牠被摔在地上,牠的天使也跟牠一同被摔了下来.
7And there was war in heaven: Michael and his angels going forth to war with the dragon; and the dragon warred and his angels; 8And they prevailed not, neither was their place found any more in heaven. 9And the great dragon was cast down, the old serpent, he that is called the Devil and Satan, the deceiver of the whole world; he was cast down to the earth, and his angels were cast down with him.
 
最后编辑:
从一个更大的范围讲,1、三位一体的神即圣父、圣子、圣灵是有order的(约翰福音14:28);2、上帝按照自己的形象造男造女是有order的(创世纪第2章);3、神对自然界的创造是有order的(创世纪第1章);4、上帝的救恩是有order的(罗马书1:16);5、神的教会是有order的。

由此不难推知,神所创造的天使也一定是有order的:虽然直接支持这个观点的经文不多,但的确有一些如上面提到的经文作为证据。
 
这类神学上的争议无关基要真理,应当以罗马书14:1的原则处理比较好:“你们要接纳信心软弱的人,不要论断引起争论的事。”

但我的一个祷告是弟兄姊妹们把神学家的著作当成神学家的著作看而不是当作神的话语看。最伟大虔诚的神学家也只是弟兄中的一位:"然而你们不要被人称为‘拉比’,因为只有一位是你们的老师,你们都是弟兄。 不要称呼地上的人为父,因为只有一位是你们的父,就是天父。 你们也不要被人称为师傅,因为只有一位是你们的师傅,就是基督。" (马太福音 23:8-10 新译本)
 
最后编辑:
但我的一个祷告是弟兄姊妹们把神学家的著作当成神学家的著作看而不是当作神的话语看。最伟大虔诚的神学家也只是弟兄中的一位:然而你们不要被人称为‘拉比’,因为只有一位是你们的老师,你们都是弟兄。 不要称呼地上的人为父,因为只有一位是你们的父,就是天父。 你们也不要被人称为师傅,因为只有一位是你们的师傅,就是基督。 (马太福音 23:8-10 新译本)

主耶稣在这段经文中提到的那位唯一的老师就是真理的圣灵:

约翰福音14:16我要请求父,他就会赐给你们另一位保惠师,使他跟你们永远在一起。 17这保惠师就是真理的灵,世人不能接受他,因为看不见他,也不认识他。你们却认识他,因为他跟你们住在一起,也要在你们里面。。。。。。 26 但保惠师,就是父因我的名要差来的圣灵,他要把一切事教导你们,也要使你们想起我对你们所说过的一切话。
 
伟大的新教神学家加尔文在他的 Institutes of the Christian religion Book 1 chapter 14 中有这么一段论述:
(https://www.ccel.org/ccel/c/calvin/institutes/cache/institutes.pdf)

14. That we may feel the more strongly urged to do so, the Scripture declares that the enemies who war against us are not one or two, or few in number, but a great host. Mary Magdalene is said to have been delivered from seven devils by which she was possessed; and our Saviour assures us that it is an ordinary circumstance, when a devil has been expelled, if access is again given to it, to take seven other spirits, more wicked than itself, and resume the vacant possession. Nay, one man is said to have been possessed by a whole legion. By this, then, we are taught that the number of enemies with whom we have to war is almost infinite, that we may not, from a contemptuous idea of the fewness of their numbers, be more remiss in the contest, or from imagining that an occasional truce is given us, indulge in sloth. In one Satan or devil being often mentioned in the singular number, the thing denoted is that domination of iniquity which is opposed to the reign of righteousness. For, as the Church and the communion of saints has Christ for its head, so the faction of the wicked and wickedness itself, is portrayed with its prince exercising supremacy. Hence the expression, “Depart, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels,” (Mt. 25:41).

下面分段解析一下。
That we may feel the more strongly urged to do so, the Scripture declares that the enemies who war against us are not one or two, or few in number, but a great host. 这一段没有什么问题。

Mary Magdalene is said to have been delivered from seven devils by which she was possessed; and our Saviour assures us that it is an ordinary circumstance, when a devil has been expelled, if access is again given to it, to take seven other spirits, more wicked than itself, and resume the vacant possession. Nay, one man is said to have been possessed by a whole legion. By this, then, we are taught that the number of enemies with whom we have to war is almost infinite, that we may not, from a contemptuous idea of the fewness of their numbers, be more remiss in the contest, or from imagining that an occasional truce is given us, indulge in sloth.
这一段也没有什么问题。如果说有一点小小的不严谨的话,就是Calvin提到主从抹大拉的玛利亚身上赶出了七个鬼,这个记载在马太福音16:9中用的是demons (daimonia)在路加福音8:2中用的是 evil (ponērōn) spirits (pneumatōn) 都不是Calvin用的 devil (Diabolos)。与此相似,马可福音5:8中主耶稣从格里森人身上赶出的群(legion)是污(akatharton)灵(pneumatōn)而不是devil。

Calvin这一段的核心论述是撒旦、魔鬼有很多而不止一个,但这只是他自己的观点没有任何圣经支持。这个观点是这样表述的:
In one Satan or devil being often mentioned in the singular number, the thing denoted is that domination of iniquity which is opposed to the reign of righteousness.

他的这个观点把圣经中有位格的(personal)魔鬼(the devil)又称龙(dragon)或撒旦(Satan)虚化成与“the reign of righteousness”对立的“that domination of iniquity”。可惜他没有提出任何经文支持他的这个观点。唯一勉强可以作为“证据”的,是他很隐晦地举了一个教会的例子:For, as the Church and the communion of saints has Christ for its head, so the faction of the wicked and wickedness itself, is portrayed with its prince exercising supremacy。但这个例子并不恰当,因为教会是由有位格的圣子耶稣为元首的。如果要类比,这个例子反证魔鬼的国也就是世界也是有一个有位格的邪灵(堕落天使)为首的,这个邪灵就是撒旦。

事实上圣经用提到魔鬼撒旦都是用的单数特指,并且用位格人称代词he, his, him来指代。有意思的是,Calvin自己在同一章紧接Section 14的Sections 13,15,16中也一直用单数特指的the devil or Satan, 并且用位格人称代词he, his, or him来指代魔鬼撒旦。

Calvin的上面这段论述,是顺着他在同一章Section 8 中关于天使的论述的逻辑推论来的。这段论述是这样的:
8. Those who presume to dogmatize on the ranks and numbers of angels, would do well to consider on what foundation they rest. As to their rank, I admit that Michael is described by David as a mighty Prince, and by Jude as an Archangel.60 Paul also tells us, that an archangel will blow the trumpet which is to summon the world to Judgment. But how is it possible from such passages to ascertain the gradations of honour among the angels to determine the insignia, and assign the place and station of each? Even the two names, Michael and Gabriel, mentioned in Scripture, or a third, if you choose to add it from the history of Tobit, seem to intimate by their meaning that they are given to angels in accommodation to the weakness of our capacity, though I rather choose not to speak positively on the point.

他的观点是,天使很多,但无所谓大小order,尽管他自己就引用了一些经文显示天使长(Archangel)米迦勒(Michael)的特殊地位却没有举出一条支持自己论点的经文。

个人认为启示录:12:7 无容置疑地表明了米迦勒的天使长的地位和魔鬼撒旦的邪灵之首的地位:
天上发生了战争:米迦勒和他的天使与龙作战。龙和牠的天使也起来应战. 8龙却抵挡不住,天上再也没有牠们的地方了。 9於是那大龙被摔了下来。牠就是那古蛇,名叫魔鬼,又叫撒但,是迷惑普天下的人的。牠被摔在地上,牠的天使也跟牠一同被摔了下来.
7And there was war in heaven: Michael and his angels going forth to war with the dragon; and the dragon warred and his angels; 8And they prevailed not, neither was their place found any more in heaven. 9And the great dragon was cast down, the old serpent, he that is called the Devil and Satan, the deceiver of the whole world; he was cast down to the earth, and his angels were cast down with him.


diabolos (διάβολος)这个字在新约中出现38次,除三次被翻译为谣言之外,其余34次都被翻译成单数特指的"the devil"。但的确有一次例外:
约翰福音6:70耶稣说:「我不是拣选了你们十二个人吗?但你们中间有一个是魔鬼。」 71耶稣这话是指着加略人西门的儿子犹大说的,因为他虽然是十二门徒之一,却要出卖耶稣。

 
撒旦的希腊文 Σατανᾶς (Satanas)和它的变体在新约中出现36次,每次都被翻译为单数特指的Satan,没有例外。


无独有偶,主耶稣也用Satan称呼一次他的门徒,这一次是彼得:
马太福音16:23 耶稣转过来对彼得说:撒但!退到我後面去!你是绊脚石,因为你不思念 神的事,只思念人的事。
23But he turned, and said unto Peter, Get thee behind me, Satan: thou art an offence unto me: for thou savourest not the things that be of God, but those that be of men.

当然,这次"撒旦"也是用的是单数特指.
 
最后编辑:
主耶稣为什么在特定的时候称犹大为魔鬼,彼得为撒旦?这是一个很有趣的问题.且留以后再慢慢讨论.
 
主耶稣为什么在特定的时候称犹大为魔鬼,彼得为撒旦?这是一个很有趣的问题.且留以后再慢慢讨论.
研究宗教学的大师非一定是该教派的信徒,比如:季羡林教授/金克木教授都是海内外著名的佛学大师,能够翻译佛经,但他们并非佛门子弟对吗?
 
研究宗教学的大师非一定是该教派的信徒,比如:季羡林教授/金克木教授都是海内外著名的佛学大师,能够翻译佛经,但他们并非佛门子弟对吗?

不知道佛教怎样。西方有很多圣经学者不是基督徒或者犹太教徒。
 
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