威尼斯电影节金狮奖原型，青铜飞狮可能是由中国唐朝的镇墓兽改装而成

[metropolis]

威尼斯这头狮子推测是唐朝镇墓兽？！马可波罗运到欧洲，改成现在这样....​

2024-10-01 23:24:41　来源: 英国那些事儿 上海 举报

意大利威尼斯的圣马可广场上，有一只巨大的青铜飞狮雕塑。

它矗立在数十米高的埃及花岗岩柱上，身背一对巨大的翅膀，脚踩一本圣经。它不仅是世界各国游客来此打卡的著名景点，更是威尼斯城，昔日威尼斯共和国的象征。

（圣马可飞狮）

它，就是威尼斯人引以为傲的“圣马可飞狮”，在宗教里象征着“圣马可福音”。

它的形象遍布威尼斯文化的每个角落，各类旗帜，画作到雕塑，再到威尼斯电影节的金狮奖杯，处处都有圣马可飞狮的身影。

（古籍里的圣马可飞狮）

（威尼斯电影节金狮奖的飞狮造型）

而圣马可广场的这尊有800多年历史的青铜飞狮雕塑尤为尊贵，堪称威尼斯的镇国之宝。

（青铜飞狮）

这两天，一则消息在威尼斯乃至整个意大利掀起了不小的波澜：

圣马可广场的飞狮，很可能来自古代中国，确切说，是一尊唐朝“镇墓兽”改造而成的！

消息一出，不仅意大利人不敢相信，许多中国网友也感到迷惑。

不过，这次公布的结论，是基于多年研究积累的科学依据而得出的：

圣马可飞狮身体部位的材料，被测出产自中国的长江中下游矿区。

（威尼斯媒体报道“飞狮中国造”）

最初，关于圣马可飞狮的史料并不详尽，只知道它高4.5米，大约在12世纪被人安放到了圣马可广场的花岗岩柱顶端，成为威尼斯城的象征之一。

到18世纪末，拿破仑横扫欧洲，在攻占威尼斯后，点名要把圣马可飞狮当战利品带回去。

(航拍圣马可飞狮)

于是，圣马可飞狮被拿破仑运到了巴黎荣军院镇场子，直到1815年拿破仑战败，才再一次回到威尼斯。

到了二次世界大战，为了防止遭人破坏，威尼斯人偷偷把圣马可飞狮藏了起来，到二战结束才重新安回去，并在上世纪90年代进行了过多次修复工作。

也正是修复期间，专家们意外发现圣马可飞狮的身体部分历史相当悠久，可能不止数百年，一位专家夸张地断言到：

“我感觉飞狮的青铜身体部分，历史可能超过2300年！”

毕竟，史料只记载飞狮在12世纪来到威尼斯，在那之前发生过什么，是史学家们最感兴趣的。

受限于当时的技术，考古学家和史学家只能从雕塑的风格上进行分析，一开始，专家们认为它起源于安纳托利亚半岛，可能跟希腊有联系。

（广场上的青铜飞狮）

除此之外，考古学家们还发现了一个重要的线索：

飞狮的头部原先似乎是长角的，后来才被改造切掉了。

一转眼，三十多年过去，科学技术有了大幅度进步，这些年，威尼斯的考古学家们也给飞狮做了多次详细的溯源检测。

铅同位素检测在金属制品溯源里的运用相当普遍，意大利帕多瓦大学多名专家取了圣马可飞狮的样本，做了大量的铅同位素检测和比对。

一共三份样本，其中两份来自飞狮的身体中心部位，另外一份来自翅膀。

铅同位素检测的结果发现，两份中心部位样本和中国长江中下游的矿物高度吻合…

(圣马可飞狮)

在对飞狮的风格，造型进行多方面分析后，帕多瓦大学的专家们得出一个可能性较大的假设：

圣马可飞狮原本是一头产自中国唐朝的青铜“镇墓兽”，在12世纪之往前300或400年的唐末，就已经被中国工匠铸造了出来。

它最初的造型或许不是一头狮子，而是头上长角的镇墓异兽。

（唐式镇墓兽）

（唐式镇墓兽）

大约1172年到1295年之间，威尼斯共和国辗转买到了这头青铜镇墓兽，并决定把它安放在埃及花岗岩柱上，打造成传播基督福音的飞狮。

于是本地工匠开始了改造，这头镇墓兽的角被切掉，耳朵被磨圆，令它的头看起来更像狮子，之后又给它装上浇铸的翅膀。

（圣马可飞狮正面）

这个假设分析一经公布，就引来了不少质疑。有人质疑道：

12世纪的威尼斯人，怎么可能把镇墓兽从遥远的中国带回威尼斯？

对此，帕多瓦大学专家答复称：

著名探险家马可·波罗在1264到1266期间去了中国，而他的父亲和叔叔早几十年前就游历了中国。

这一批威尼斯探险家在12世纪把镇墓兽运到威尼斯，改装成圣马可飞狮是很有可能的。

当然，这也只是史学家和考古专家的一个假设，历史的真相还有待继续发掘。

目前只有一个事实是确定的，那就是圣马可飞狮身体的矿物材料确来自中国。

它最初由谁铸造？在哪里铸造？又经历了怎样的波折抵达威尼斯，最终矗立到了圣马可广场上？

这背后还充满了大量未解之谜，恐怕只有等历史学家在未来进一步发掘真相了…

å¨å°¼æ¯è¿å¤´ç®åæ¨æµæ¯åæéå¢å½ï¼ï¼é©¬å¯æ³¢ç½è¿å°æ¬§æ´²ï¼æ¹æç°å¨è¿æ ·....

å¨å°¼æ¯è¿å¤´ç®åæ¨æµæ¯åæéå¢å½ï¼ï¼é©¬å¯æ³¢ç½è¿å°æ¬§æ´²ï¼æ¹æç°å¨è¿æ ·....,é£ç®,å¨å°¼æ¯,æ¿ç ´ä»,æ大å©,æ¢é©å®¶,马å¯æ³¢ç½,å£é©¬å¯å¹¿åº,ç®å(çº¹ç« å¦)

www.163.com

Ref：

The Lion of St. Mark was a Chinese monster: what are the implications of the Venetian discovery

It has been definitively established that the Lion towering in St. Mark's Square in Venice is actually a Chinese monster. Here is how the discovery was made, and what it entails.

www.finestresullarte.info

Is the “Lion of Venice” Actually From China?

A new study traces the winged leonine artwork back to the Yangtze River basin, hypothesizing that it was likely a colossal, reassembled "tomb guardian.”

hyperallergic.com

Lion of Saint Mark - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

 

[metropolis]

Is Venice’s famed winged lion statue actually Chinese?​

Copyright AP Photo/Luca Bruno - Canva
By David Mouriquand

Published on 19/09/2024 - 11:41 GMT+2
New chemical evidence claims that Venice’s winged lion could be Chinese... And that it's not a lion but an altered Chinese tomb gardian known as a 'zhènmùshòu'.

What?

The Lion of Venice, an ancient bronze statue of a winged lion which can be seen by countless tourists on a massive plinth of Egyptian granite in the Piazza San Marco.

Lions have wings?

They do in Venice. In fact, it's a lion-griffin hybrid that symbolises the city and its patron saint St Mark. It is depicted everywhere with usually wings, a halo and a book below its paw – three elements linked to Saint Mark the Evangelist. It can be found on the Venetian flag, has become the symbol of the Venice Biennale, and gave its form to the Golden Lion prize, which was introduced in 1949 at the Venice International Film Festival.

Age?

Thought to have been erected between 1172 and 1177.

Why is it in the news?

A new chemical study, conducted by researchers at the University of Padua around the 700th anniversary of Venetian explorer Marco Polo’s death, has revealed that the sculpture originates from copper ore deposits in China. More specifically, lead isotopes reveal that major parts of the statue were made from bronze deposits from the lower Tangzi River. The findings were recently revealed during an International Conference in Venice on “Marco Polo, the Book and Asia: Research Perspectives Twenty Years Later”. Previous research had suggested the statue originated from Eastern Anatolia (present-day Turkey) between roughly the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C.E.

Is Venice’s famed winged lion statue actually Chinese?

New chemical evidence claims that Venice’s winged lion could be Chinese... And that it's not a lion but an altered Chinese tomb gardian known as a 'zhènmùshòu'.

www.euronews.com

Why it matters?

The Lion of Venice is associated with power and courage and considering it’s the symbol for the prestigious Venetian Republic, its origin feels important. It was already known that the statue predated Marco Polo and was transported to Venice in pieces, possibly by Polo’s father and uncle, Nicolò and Maffeo, who were in Beijing at the court of the Great Khan between 1264 and 1266. The new findings highlight the global nature of trade during the Middle Ages, the connectivity of the medieval world, as well as the wide reach of the arts from China’s Tang Dynasty (618 – 907 CE).

Left: The Venice Lion; Right: ZhènmùshòuAP Photo - Public Domain

So it's not a lion?

The new findings put a different spin on the lion / griffin. It might not be a chimera after all but a zhènmùshòu (“tomb guardian”), a popular Chinese fantasy animal during the Tang Dynasty which protected tombs from demons. According to the study, revealing the hybrid to be a Chinese protector, the creature's moustache, teeth, ears and horns were probably cut or sanded off to resemble a lion, a more recognizable symbol of Western faith.

Was the statue bought or stolen?

Unknown. It is historically documented that Venetians had engaged in extensive pillaging of art from the Byzantine Empire during the Fourth Crusade. For instance, the famed bronze Horses of Saint Mark statues were stolen and installed on the facade of St. Mark’s Basilica, and in the 13th century, bronze was plentiful thanks to crusading. While the mystery persists, new information not only reflects the Italian port city’s rich history, but a global network of trade and plundering – as well as the unscrupulous retooling of culture.

Facts?

The statue weighs approximately 3,000 kilograms and that book under its front paws was a later addition. The inscription on the book reads: “Pax tibi Marce, evangelista meus”, which translates as “Peace to you Mark, my evangelist”. According to legend, while Saint Mark was visiting the Venetian lagoon in the 1st century AD, a storm threatened his life. Handily, an angel was on call and appeared to him, reassuring the saint with those words.

Is Venice’s famed winged lion statue actually Chinese?

New chemical evidence claims that Venice’s winged lion could be Chinese... And that it's not a lion but an altered Chinese tomb gardian known as a 'zhènmùshòu'.

www.euronews.com

 

[uglyducking]

搬回国