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U.S. biomedical innovation must not go the way of semiconductors and shipbuilding
The U.S. has ceded its leadership in critical industries before. It must not do so with China and biotech now, writes the president and CEO of Biocom California.
www.statnews.com
At the end of World War I, it was clear that the United States was woefully weak in maritime capabilities, both commercial and defense, and dependent on Great Britain, France, and Italy for ships and shipping lane control. In response, Congress passed legislation investing in U.S. shipping and shipbuilding capacity. In just 30 years, the U.S. built 7,800 ships, and, by World War II, had become the world’s leading shipbuilder. In addition, the U.S. also positioned itself as the leader in setting the market rules for shipping, establishing the Federal Maritime Commission (FMC), which regulated the worldwide industry.
美国通过补贴，一战以后，造船和航海业迅速超过大英帝国
AMD first entered the CPU market with reverse-engineered Intel 8080 clone 50 years ago — the Am9080 cost 50 cents apiece to make, but sold for $700
In 1975, AMD could make these processors for 50 cents and sell them for $700, providing a great financial springboard to establish the company in PC CPU making.
In 1975, AMD could make these processors for 50 cents and sell them for $700, providing a great financial springboard to establish the company in PC CPU making
Copycat origin
The Am9080 is the result of some very difficult-sounding, yet derivative, work. In the summer of 1973, during their last day working at Xerox, Ashawna Hailey, Kim Hailey, and Jay Kumar took detailed photos of an Intel 8080 pre-production sample, says Wikipedia.
Armed with approximately 400 detailed images, the trio managed to draft schematic and logic diagrams and then hawked them around Silicon Valley to see if anyone was interested.
AMD took the bait, as you may have guessed, and thought the processor could be useful to run on the N-channel MOS process it had just developed. Some sources suggest that initial runs of the Am9080 were sold by AMD in 1974 — the same year Intel debuted the processor commercially. However, it would not be until 1975 that AMD marketed and mass-produced the Am9080.
AMD PC芯片起步，跟汉芯差不了多少，就是完全抄袭Intel芯片，几个工程师偷的图纸，50美分造出芯片卖$700。经过多年发展，现在超过Intel
