希特勒的母亲曾考虑堕胎,不过被医生劝阻了。

English version comes:dx:


40 Facts I Bet You Didn't Know
- and Some Are Even True.
1. Money isn't made out of paper; it's made out of cotton. Actually, US currency paper is a blend of cotton and linen.
2. The 57 on Heinz ketchup bottle represents the varieties of pickles the company once had. False. H J Heinz's own story is that he liked an ad that said "21 different styles of shoes." He had well more than 57 varieties of product, but he liked the number because it sounded large without sounding huge.
3. Your stomach produces a new layer of mucus every two weeks -- otherwise it will digest itself. True
4. The Declaration of Independence was written on hemp paper. The first two drafts were written on hemp paper. About 200 copies of the Declaration were printed (25 survive) on paper that may or may not contain hemp. A calligraphic copy was made after the printing and signed; this is the document on display in Philadelphia. It is on vellum parchment (animal skin).
5. The dot over the letter 'i' is called a "tittle". True
6. A raisin dropped in a glass of fresh champagne will bounce up and down continuously from the bottom of the glass to the top. Sometimes, depending on the raisin and the champagne. After a while it becomes soaked and sinks to the bottom and you have to suck it up with a straw.
7. Susan Lucci is the daughter of Phyllis Diller. False, though Diller does have a daughter named Suzanne.
8. A duck's quack doesn't echo ... no one knows why. False
9. 40% of McDonald's profits come from the sales of Happy Meals. Probably false. Profits are one thing, sales another. Though the 60s and 70s, major profits came through real estate and franchise fees. Over the last few years McDonald's has found it tough to be profitable. Happy Meals, introduced 1979, were a major sales boost, but so were McNuggets (1984). As a share of sales, Happy Meals probably aren't 40% except for unusual short term spurts (such as the Teeny Beanie toy that sold out in two weeks) though McD's sells enough to be one of the world's major distributors of small toys.
10. Every person has a unique tongue print (no licking at the scene of a crime!). More or less true.
11. 315 entries in Webster's 1996 Dictionary were misspelled. "Webster's" is not a copyrighted term. Any dictionary can call itself Webster's. So which one of hundreds misspelled words?
12. The 'spot' on 7UP comes from its inventor who had red eyes. He was albino. False. 7up, created by non-albino Charles Grigg and originally known as "Bib-Label Lithiated Lemon-Lime Soda," was introduced two weeks before the great stock market crash of 1929. In 1936, the name became 7up. The logo had a white "7UP" on a rectangular red background for many years. Sometimes, on specific products, the background was a red circle. The circle became a dot around 1970.
13. On average, 12 newborns will be given to the wrong parents daily. Seriously doubtful.
14. During the chariot scene in 'Ben Hur' a small red car can be seen in the distance. False. Not only does the red van NOT appear during the chariot race, but its appearance would have been literally IMPOSSIBLE... since the background outside the arena is actually a mattte painting!(see the 1994 documentary, "Ben Hur: The Making of an Epic").
15. Warren Beatty and Shirley MacLaine are brother and sister. True
16. Chocolate affects a dog's heart and nervous system; a few ounces will kill a small sized dog. True. Ferrets, too.
17. Orcas (killer whales) kill sharks by torpedoing up into the shark's stomach from underneath, causing the shark to explode. Only if you believe Flipper. Killer whales breach through ice, so they have the capacity to do this, but they seldom battle sharks. No one has ever witnessed an exploding shark.
18. Most lipstick contains fish scales. True ("pearlessence" is derived from fish scales).
19. Donald Duck comics were banned from Finland because he doesn't wear pants. False. Nor were they banned because Donald and Daisy weren't married.
20. Ketchup was sold in the 1830s as medicine. True (Dr. Miles Compound Extract of Tomato)
21. Upper and lower case letters are named 'upper' and 'lower' because in the time when all original print had to be set in individual letters, the 'upper case' letters were stored in the case on top of the case that stored the smaller, 'lower case' letters. True 22. Leonardo Da Vinci could write with one hand and draw with the other at the same time. Supposedly true but not reported by an eye-witness.
23. Because metal was scarce, the Oscars given out during World War II were made of wood. False, they were made of plaster.
24. There are no clocks in Las Vegas gambling casinos. True (or used to be).
25. The name Wendy was made up for the book Peter Pan, there was never a recorded Wendy before! False
26. There are no words in the dictionary that rhyme with: orange, purple, and silver! True regarding a "perfect rhyme." However "orange" and "silver" have half-rhymes (such as lozenge with orange and salver with silver), are technically speaking, pararhymes, or considered a half-rhyme. Words that rhyme with "purple" are Steve Urkel, hurtful, circle and are also "half-rhymes.".
27. Leonardo Da Vinci invented scissors. Also, it took him 10 years to paint Mona Lisa's lips. False. Scissors were around for centuries before Da Vinci and he worked on the Mona Lisa, off and on, for three or four years.
28. A tiny amount of liquor on a scorpion will make it instantly go mad and sting itself to death. False. The notion of a scorpion stinging itself to death is an ancient allegory. That is, if it is surrounded by fire or by enemies, or even if one puts liquor or alcohol on a scorpion that these things will cause it to sting itself is a falsehood. It is untrue since the venom has no effect on the scorpion itself, nor on any member of the same species.
29. The mask used by Michael Myers in the original "Halloween" was a Captain Kirk mask painted white. True
30. If you have three quarters, four dimes, and four pennies, you have $1.19. You also have the largest amount of money in coins without being able to make change for a dollar. True
31. By raising your legs slowly and lying on your back, you can't sink in quicksand. True. The fact is that most people can float on quicksand. It actually holds you up better than water. If you ever find yourself stuck in quicksand, try not to panic. Try gently falling backward spread-eagled. You may eventually have to roll or swimvery slowly to solid ground.If you find yourself only in quicksand up to your waist, you will experience a vacuum when trying to remove your leg from the quicksand. To release the vacuum, slowly move your leg. Remember, quick movements will make the situation worse.
32. The phrase "rule of thumb" is derived from an old English law, which stated that you couldn't beat your wife with anything wider than your thumb. False. This notion was invented in 19th Century Britain to defend the notion of wife-beating. It was soon shown to be a fallacy. "Rule of thumb" comes from the fact that the final thumb joint is about an inch, so is used as a rough measuring guide. "Thumb" and "inch" are the same word in several European languages (French, Danish, Swedish, etc.)
33. American Airlines saved $40,000 in '87 by eliminating one olive from each salad served in first class. True
34. The first product Motorola started to develop was a record player for automobiles. At that time, the most known player on the market was the Victrola, so they called themselves Motorola. False. The company was founded by Paul V. Galvin as the Galvin Manufacturing Corporation, in Chicago, Illinois, in 1928. Its first product was a "battery eliminator," allowing consumers to operate radios directly from household current instead of the batteries supplied with early models. In the 1930s, the company successfully commercialized car radios under the brand name "Motorola," a word suggesting sound in motion.
35. Celery has negative calories! It takes more calories to eat a piece of celery than the celery has in it to begin with. It's the same with apples! True. (But it's not just the chewing; it's the chewing and the digesting that burns up the 6 calories per stalk).
36. Chewing gum while peeling onions will keep you from crying! The latest how-to-peel-onions-without-crying trick! False (but your breath will smell better).
37. The glue on Israeli postage stamps is certified kosher. Not really. Israel, like the US, uses vegetable glue on its stamps. Theoretically everything in Israel is kosher, but this is now a political issue with "true" kosher shops hanging out haredi signs.
38. Guinness Book of Records holds the record for being the book most often stolen from Public Libraries. False. The American Library Association did a survey a few years ago. According to Larra Clark, ALA press officer, the titles most likely to go AWOL (absent without librarian) are books about dreams, witchcraft, astrology and the occult.
39. Back in the mid to late 80's, an IBM compatible computer wasn't considered a hundred percent compatible unless it could run Microsoft's Flight Simulator game. Sort of. In 1983, when Flight Simulator was introduced, standards were still a bit loose. If your machine could run Flight Simulator and Lotus 1-2-3, then it was probably compatible.
40. Astronauts are not allowed to eat beans before they go into space! Passing wind in a space suit damages them. False. Three days before a flight, astronauts are put on a "low residue diet" so their diaper-style undies won't fill up so fast. If gas could damage a space suit there'd be a lot more astronaut fatalities. In 1968 the New York Academy of Sciences held a symposium on gastrointestinal gas, in part to examine fears that astronauts might asphyxiate themselves. As we all know, they don't.
 
dizzy !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
 
9个让你夜不能寐的思想实验

很多时候,把难懂的哲学命题编成一个小故事,是解释它们的好办法。以下是9个著名的蛋疼的哲思。

1. 囚徒困境
这个经典的思想实验说的是一个犯罪嫌疑人(外国的)所面对的困难抉择:保持沉默,或者如实招来。难点是,嫌犯不知道同伙会怎么选择。这里是一个精简版的「囚徒困境」,摘自于《斯坦福哲学大百科全书》:
Tanya 和 Cinque 因为抢劫希伯尼亚储蓄银行而被捕,被分开囚禁在不同的牢房。比起同伙,他们都更担心自己的自由。一个聪明的审讯官给了两人这样的条件:「你可以选择沉默或者招供。如果你招了,但是你的同伙没有,我会放弃对你的所有指控,然后用你的证词指控你的同伙。但是,如果你的同伙招供了,但是你没有,那么他们就可以被放走,就轮到你倒霉了。如果你们两个都招了,那么我会质控所有人,但我可以考虑给你们假释。如果你们都保持沉默,我就会以非法持枪罪起诉你们。如果你想招,就在明天早上我回来之前,给狱警留个话。」
这个思想实验告诉我们,在没有得到充分信息,和面对自身利益驱使的情况下,我们很难做出有利于所有人的正确选择。这种困境在于,对于所有的囚犯自己来说,招供比沉默有利——但事实上最优的选择是全都保持沉默。
这种情况在「国际合作」(包括禁止核武器),和我们和外星生命沟通(比如,无视星际间文明互相合作的有利的因素,一定要比它们先放出大招灭了对方才是上策)中比比皆是,

2. 神经学家 Mary 没见过颜色
这个问题也被称作「逆反光谱(Invertedspectrum)问题」,或者「知识论证问题( Knowledge Argument)」。这个思想实验的含义是对于「从纯物理角度解释宇宙的观点」的批判,包括「智力活动也是物理过程」的观点。这个实验揭示了「非物理属性」的存在——并且我们可获得的知识——只能从通过意识活动的经验获得。
Frank Jackson 这样解释这个实验的观点:

Mary 是一个天才的精神学家,但因为某种原因,她从小被关在一个黑白的屋子里,通过一个黑白电视机观察整个世界。她的研究领域集中在视觉感知,我们假设,她研究的是关于我们如何看见熟透的西红柿、天空,与视网膜能接收到的光的波长的关系,和「红色」、「蓝色」等词汇通过肺部气息,读出「天空是蓝色」的这句话(换句话说,Mary只知道颜色和波长和词汇的关系。),那么当 Mary 被释放,从黑白世界来到真实世界的时候,或者给她一台彩色电视机的时空,她能学到新的知识吗?
换而言之,Mary 懂的所有关于色彩物理知识,但除了一件:她从来没有体验过彩色的世界。她对于色彩的第一次体验,是她从来无法预见的;书本上的知识和真实世界的体验有着巨大的差异。
这个思想实验告诉我们,比起客观的科学观察,我们能体验到的总是更要丰富,包括意识本身。它从本质上告诉我们,我们不可能知道我们不知道的东西,这个实验也给我们带来了对于未来的希望;我们应该想办法拓展我们的感知能力和意识水平,我们就能开辟新的心理学和主观探索的新途径。

3. 盒子里的「迦铳」
这也被成为「私语悖论」,而且和上一则实验有点像。在哲学家 Wittgenstein 提出的这样一个思想实验里,挑战了我们对于用语言表述的能力的看法。
在这个实验中,Wittgenstein 让我们想象这样一组人,每个人都有一个盒子,盒子里装着一种叫做「迦铳」的东西。他们不许互相看对方盒子里的东西。因为每个人盒子里的东西都不一样,他们都被要求描述一下他们各自的「迦铳」。于是 Wittgenstein 说,随后发生的表述过程,无法成为「语言游戏(语言的过程)」的一部分,虽然他们不断描述着盒子里的东西,但对于「迦铳」这个词的理解,止步于「那个在他盒子里的东西」这个层面上。
干嘛要提出这样一个烦人的思想实验呢?这个实验的意义在于,我们的思想意识,就好比那个「迦铳」,我们永远不可能明确知道其他人的想法,其他人到底在说什么,或者其他人思考问题的不同视角。

4. 中文房间
哲学家 John Searle 让我们设想这样一个场景,一个只懂英语的人,他坐在房间里,回答外面的人用中文提的问题,但是房里的人有一本问题与答案对照的手册,这样就可以让外面的人误以为屋里的人懂中文(但实际上完全不是)
这个悖论在于,他揭示了一个事实:就算计算机技术无比先进,看·上·去已经能用语言自然与人交流,但是它们仍然无法真·正·懂·得语言本身。这是因为从本质上说,计算机永远只是被限定在「操作字符」上。「中文房间悖论」出名就在于,它彻底干掉了「图灵论证」的可靠性,并且简洁地阐述了人工智能所能达到的极限,包括机器学习,和潜在的人工智能的可能性。
Searle 的看法是对的,即有没有可能出现一种看上去和人类一样具有意识的人工智能?这不太可能,因为 AI 最多只能做到不懂装懂。所以,我们面对周遭这些「聪明的高科技」的时候,必须非常小心。

5. 体验机
哲学家 Robert Nozick 的「体验机」暗示的是一个「享乐版」的黑客帝国的世界。在这本1974年出版的《无政府主义,国家和乌托邦》里写道:
假设有这样一台「体验机」,能给你任何你想要的体验。了不起的神经科学可以模拟你的任何大脑活动,所以,你可能真以为自己正在谱写名篇、和华莱士谈笑风生,或者正在在刷无聊图。其实你只是浮在一个水箱里,脑后插着电路管线。你会不会一辈子就这样,预先写好自己一生的剧本?当然,你不会知道自己只是一缸腌菜,真以为自己正飞黄腾达……你会插上管子么?
在这里,基本的观点是我们或许应该插上管子,做一缸腌菜。因为我们身处这个宇宙没有任何明确的目的,而且时常被无意义的环境包围着,苦难和折磨,我们没有理由拒绝本质上要更好的选择——哪怕那是人造的。但是作为一个人的「尊严」呢? 和什么是对「真实」的定义? Nozick 的思想实验也许很容易被一笑了之,但它确实困扰了哲学家们好几十年。

6. 电车难题
这是伦理学家的问题——你要觉得痛苦,那就怪著名的哲学家 Philippa Foot 提出了它。这个实验有很多变体,但最早是出现在 Foot 1967 年发表的论文《堕胎问题和教条双重影响》中。
假设你在一个铁轨变道闸的控制杆前,远处有一辆失控的火车冲来。铁轨在你这里一分为二,一边有5个人,一边有1个人。如果你什么都不做,火车撞死5个人,但如果你选择变道,撞死一个人,你怎么选。
对于功利主义者来说,杀掉那一个人情有可原。而康德学派则认为人不能作为利益的代价,道德的判断不是根据结果,而是动机,他们会提出你不能把那1个人作为另外5个人获救的的代价。所以,你应该什么都不做。
在这个思想实验的另外一个版本里,没有分叉路,而是多了一个围观的超级大胖子,这个喜欢看煎蛋的胖子的死可以完全挡住火车而救下这5个人,所以,你会不会把胖子推倒铁轨上?
这个思想实验揭示了道德判断的复杂性,在杀一个人和看着一群人死之间做抉择——一个永远胶着在我们的法律、行为、科学研究、政治和战争之中的道德问题。「正义」和「邪恶」永远不是听上去的那么简单。

小编注:我们还可以这样做实验,如果铁轨上的那一个人是你,你会不会为了救自己而选择杀死另外5个人。

7. 小便池里的蜘蛛
这个问题让人联想到柏拉图的「洞穴理论」,同样是一个经典的思想实验。由 Thomas Nagel 在她的小说《生、死,和生命的意义》中提出,它讨论了关于生命的无意义和荒谬。他在普林斯顿大学教书的时候,在男厕所的小便池里看到一只蜘蛛,于是获得灵感。看上去蜘蛛过的很悲惨,时不时被尿一身,而且「它看上去也不喜欢这样的生活。」他接着说到:
渐渐的,我和它的邂逅让我觉得过意不去。当然,这可能是它的天性使然,但是因为周遭光滑的绝壁,它哪儿也去不成,而且它也说不出想去哪儿……所以,当这个学期结束的那天,我扯了一截手纸,垂下来靠近它。它的腿搭上了末端,接着我把它拎了起来,放在了地板上。
它默默地待在那儿一动不动。我用手纸戳了它几下,还是没有动静……我走了,但是2小时以后,我回到厕所,它还在那里没有移动。
第二天依然这样,它的腿已经卷曲,就和死掉的蜘蛛一个样。它的尸体就这样在那里待了一个礼拜,然后被清洁工扫走。
Nagel 因为感情的共鸣,认为蜘蛛应该过的更好——甚至享受人生——离开那个便池。但是结果却恰恰相反,他害死了蜘蛛。

8. 替换悖论
在这个思想实验中,我们来到一个人类不好肉味的世界。在这样的世界里,没有任何一种动物被当做家畜饲养。于是世界上的牛、猪、羊、鸡的数量锐减。就如 Virginia Woolf所写的:「关于素食主义的争论远比人道主义来得激烈。猪将会有强烈的渴求把自己做成培根。如果地球上都是犹太人,那么猪就灭绝了。」
沿着这个逻辑,会导出一些诡异矛盾的结论。比如,是不是有20亿人的穷苦世界要比10亿人的富余社会来的好。如果不是,那么为什么不消灭另外10亿人呢?为什么我们继续过着苦日子而不去做这样的事情呢?

9. 回到原点
这则思想实验,是我成为 JohnRawls 死忠的理由。他让我们幻想在一个世界里,我们对自己的生活一无所知——活在「无知的面纱」后面,我们对现在的政治系统和法律一无所知。更不懂什么心理学、经济学、生物学和其他科学知识。但对于这样一群处于原始状态的人,我们问他们,让人们从一大串各种社会制度中选择一个最适合他们的,公平的制度,而不告诉他们任何关于私利和现实世界的信息。
所以,假设你不知道自己在选择这样的制度之后,会成为什么样的人回到现实世界,比如,你是一个活在印度乡下的穷人?一个挪威的中产阶级?或者一个残疾人,一个百万富翁?(或者另外一种生物?)
根据 Rawls 的说法,我们将选择保证基本公平的权利和义务,保障财产和自由以及平等的公民权的制度,而且追求覆盖最大范围的福祉。而且他认为,我们肯定会选择一个保障公平教育权利和平等工作权利的社会制度。
 
9个让你夜不能寐的思想实验

很多时候,把难懂的哲学命题编成一个小故事,是解释它们的好办法。以下是9个著名的蛋疼的哲思。

1. 囚徒困境
这个经典的思想实验说的是一个犯罪嫌疑人(外国的)所面对的困难抉择:保持沉默,或者如实招来。
臭鸭,问一句,为什么"一个犯罪嫌疑人"后面要特别加个"(外国的)",难道中国没有"犯罪嫌疑人"吗?
 
臭鸭,问一句,为什么"一个犯罪嫌疑人"后面要特别加个"(外国的)",难道中国没有"犯罪嫌疑人"吗?
明知故问是吧?:kan:
 
你有这病么? 【我没有。我一般用左手拿手机:tx:

7143d82djw1e8ins1kaxuj20bm0ff75f.jpg



【手机依赖症,你有么?】
1、走路时玩手机;
2、做饭时手机必须放旁边;
3、上厕所刷手机;
4、洗澡时,手机带进浴室;
5、醒来后第一件事是看手机;
6、睡前最后一件事是放手机;
7、找不到手机就心烦意乱;
8、手机没电很紧张;
9、手机没信号很抓狂;
10朋友聚会,各自玩手机.
 
刚才我在阳台吃馅饼,听楼下有一男的跟女孩表白,他说:做我女朋友好吗?女的说:别扯了,我能跟你,除非天上掉馅饼!我想都没想,半拉韭菜鸡蛋馅饼朝内女的脑袋撇下去…然后心里默念:加油吧小伙子!哥也只能帮你这么多了…:zhichi::jiayou:
:dx:
 
臭鸭,问一句,为什么"一个犯罪嫌疑人"后面要特别加个"(外国的)",难道中国没有"犯罪嫌疑人"吗?
中国的政策是:坦白从宽,牢底坐穿,抗拒从严,回家过年
 
甄嬛去路边买煎饼 甄嬛:
“阿姨,
这碎碎的一抹青翠,
好似乱坠了丫头的眼,
平摊于日下,
甚是沁人心脾。
提神醒脑可是极好的!
若忍心炙烤煎熬,
蔫萎而焦灼,
岂不是辜负了?


”阿姨:“说人话!
”甄嬛:“煎饼别放葱!”.
 
后退
顶部