英媒:西方的理论自信哪儿去了?

reine02

资深人士
VIP
注册
2012-02-27
消息
9,440
荣誉分数
2,120
声望点数
273
英国金融时报:西方已经丧失了理论自信
时间:2015-01-06

市场、民主和美国霸权!

据说后冷战秩序是靠这三驾马车支撑的。对此,时评人拉赫曼曾坚定地相信这一点,可如今他却有点犹豫了。他在5日为英国《金融时报》撰写的文章中,颇为哀怨地喟叹道:“西方已经丧失理论自信了。”其中最为突出的表现就是,人们对“市场、民主和美国霸权”这三驾马车的信念发生动摇了。

不过在拉赫曼言之凿凿地替“西方”立言的时候,有个问题必须首先追问:西方到底是谁?

“丧失理论自信的到底是山姆大叔,还是整个西方?认为欧洲和美国完全是一回事,实在是过于幼稚和简单化了。不要再把欧洲归于‘山姆大叔’的标签下了!认识到‘美国’和‘西方’不完全是一回事,这很重要。”

正如网友@compayee在上述留言中所暗示的那样,在拉赫曼煞有介事地谈论“西方”的时候,他的心里实际装的却是“美国”。

在拉赫曼的前半生里,“国际政治是通过冷战而得到定义的”。拉赫曼生于1963年,柏林墙倒塌的那一年,他26岁;在他青葱年少的岁月里,见证了一个时代的结束。如今年过半百的拉赫曼却觉得自己要再度“目睹另一个时代的结束了”。

20150106210720406.jpg

拉赫曼《金融时报》文章截图

“民主、市场体制”真正终结了冷战,这对拉赫曼来说是毫无疑问的;“市场、民主和美国霸权”支撑着后冷战时代,亦是不容质疑。那已经早已飘零的冷战时代与拉赫曼目睹即将结束的“另一时代”到底有何本质区别?

拉赫曼自己暗示了这一问题的答案:无论是“2008年金融危机以及之后大衰退的严重打击”,抑或“阿拉伯之春的惨状”,还是对伊拉克及阿富汗战后局势的“束手无策”,甚至“中国的崛起”——这些都直接指向着一个关键,即“美国自身的实力和维持全球霸权的意愿”已经非常“值得怀疑”了。

区别着两个时代的标志是“美国霸权”:冷战结束让世界收获了它;事到如今,随着“美国霸权”的衰落,“市场、民主和美国霸权”的三位一体也都开始岌岌可危了。

据说,这事关“西方”(或者干脆说美国?)的“理论自信”。

“大概真正的问题在于作者用‘理论问题’来装扮地缘政治事件,从而偷换了术语的定义。‘理论自信’到底是什么意思?例如,有关‘对自由市场的信念’的内容,08年造成金融危机的那些人如今在竭尽全力推行改革以避免重蹈覆辙?这是在说这些人所推进的政治进程吗?是信念就有试金石,可这关理论什么事?”网友@Old Hand很是不解。

对“地缘政治事件”引发的西方知识界内部的危机,拉赫曼并未着墨太多。他在文中只是不断强调,随着美国力量的衰落,对“三驾马车”的信念正在遭到削弱。

至于“知识”或者“理论”?“世界银行和国际货币基金组织所支持的自由市场共识被称作‘华盛顿共识’,可谓恰如其分。”难道“华盛顿共识”对于“西方”知识界来说,是一项伟大创新?华盛顿共识(Concensus)是“知识”或者“理论”?

拉赫曼先生到底是如何理解“知识”或者“理论”的,这里无从得知。不过,除了“知识”或者“理论”,拉赫曼真正担忧的还是“信心”问题:“不论是市场、民主还是美国霸权,都有标志性的事件动摇我们的信心。”

不过世上并不缺少有信心的人,拉赫曼大概对于形势还是过于悲观了。

“讽刺地是,与这篇评论文章的观察正好相反,我到过中国很多地方,与许多不同地域与社会身份的中国人进行过交谈。我十分惊异于这些中国人对美国的积极态度(这与韩国有显著的不同)。尽管随着中国不断强大,美国希望削弱中国、围堵中国的意图昭然若揭,但中国人对美国的好感并未受到明显影响。不少中国对大规模学习美国价值观和美国体制的渴望是毫无疑问的。尽管我对自己祖国的不少行为心怀疑虑,但我毫不怀疑美国公民的身份在中国让我有多么的如鱼得水。”网友@Jake in Seoul坦承,美国公民身份为他在中国带来了不尽的优越感。

至于“自由市场的信念”?网友@ebowski倒是觉得,也许换个角度看也不算太坏:

“‘西方已经丧失理论自信了。’这难道不是在说,我们长年的傲慢如今已遭消解了吗?

这并不是说,在民主、市场、美国霸权以外,西方发现了什么其他的道路。倒不如说,我们重新学到了一些古老的教训。首先,为不致误入歧途,民主、市场和美国都需要小心谨慎的经营。第二,‘西方模式’也不能轻易而迅速在世界的其他角落完成转换。

西方的力量是有限的。我们应该在接受这点的同时继续保持对西方价值观的承诺——新闻自由、个人权利以及对科学与进步的信念,这对我们至关重要。”

尽管也对美国政治的衰败倍感失望,但比起拉赫曼,弗朗西斯·福山对“三驾马车”的作用还是稍微多了点“信心”。近日,在接受《日本经济新闻》驻美洲总局编委西村博之的专访时,福山认为民主主义仍是历史的终点。

对美国经济,拉赫曼感觉还好些;可至于“理论自信”,拉赫曼实在是过于悲观了:“新的一年以美国经济复苏开始,但西方理论自信的复苏似乎还遥不可及。”

不过网友@JP倒是觉得拉赫曼和福山是一丘之貉,都想趁着新年伊始,搞点大动静出来:

拉赫曼想用一声惊雷开启2015,不过恐怕最多也只是一发哑炮罢了。民主、资本主义、美国霸权,这一切似乎都在向福山致敬——他大约在90年代写过一本书叫《历史的终结》——只不过拉赫曼的敬意却满怀悲伤与羞愧。尽管福山确实志大才疏,但拉赫曼也太过轻易地就放弃了。

历史总是最好的参照,只不过不管福山还是拉赫曼都只是在嘴皮子上尊重历史而已。拿破仑曾经通过对欧洲的军事征服和胡作非为来撒播1789年法国大革命的千禧年福音。拿破仑用他的行动震动了旧秩序,苏联解体不过就是拿破仑战败的现代版本而已。

欧洲局势的交响乐长期以来都在压迫与反抗的拉锯之间,以一种相对稳定的状态在进行着演奏,尽管这是以对工人的残酷对待为代价的。1848年欧洲革命则遭遇了惨败,我们不得不一直等到1917年(十月革命爆发——观察者网注)才能迎来社会的快速转型。如今我们知道这样一种转型是如何失败的了……

自1989年(柏林墙倒塌——观察者网注)以后,演奏的却是一场全球性的自由主义音乐盛宴,例如由中美两国所主导的力量之间的对抗。(亨利·基辛格,你现在终于可以走进坟墓里安息了!)中国和西方会相互角力,至于俄罗斯和印度,则会扮演捣蛋鬼的角色(美国前国务卿基辛格近年来在许多场合对中美G2共治模式大为鼓吹——观察者网注)。这才是他们要做的。对这场全球音乐盛宴而言,并不存在什么严重挑战。对这一世界秩序的真正威胁并不是什么暴发户国家,而是一种暴发户的理念。不过目前还找不到这种东西。”

《金融时报》文章译文观察者网独家翻译

(英国《金融时报》1月5日专栏文章,作者 拉赫曼,译者 观察者网 王杨,原标题 西方已经丧失理论自信了)

在我的前半生,国际政治是通过冷战而得到定义的。柏林墙的倒塌终结了那个时代,开启了另一个:全球化时代。25年之后的今天,我们似乎又要目睹一个时代的结束。

思想领域的剧变最为明显。过去几年里,西方对支撑后冷战时代的三大支柱丧失了信心,即市场、民主和美国实力。

这三大理念的成功当然是相互关联的。一旦冷战结束,人们自然会问为何西方政体会成为主流。明显的结论就是民主、市场体制就比计划经济和专制政体表现得更出色。有句时髦话说得好:“自由很管用”。结果美国不仅是最后的超级大国,还享有知识霸权。

柏林墙倒塌后,全世界掀起了推广市场经济和民主政治的新高潮。世界银行和国际货币基金组织所支持的自由市场共识被称作“华盛顿共识”,可谓恰如其分。

政治上的华盛顿共识是,人们相信民主不仅会赢得东欧,还会赢得世界。于是在1990年代,像南非、智利和印尼这些差异巨大的国家,都成功完成了民主过渡。支撑这种经济和政治发展的,是美国无可匹敌的实力。它是全世界军事战略体系的核心——从拉美到东亚,从中东到欧洲都是如此。

在很多方面,我们还处于这一时期。然而,西方对后冷战时代三大理念的质疑在增加。不论是市场、民主还是美国实力,都有标志性的事件动摇我们的信心。

对自由市场的信念受到了2008年金融危机以及之后大衰退的严重打击,之后就再没回复过。尽管人们担忧的全球性衰退得以避免,但是人们再也不相信自由市场可以提高全世界人们的生活水平。在很多西方国家,对收入不平等的讨论取代了经济学争论——欧洲还要担心欧元和高失业率。明星新兴市场国如巴西和印度失去了活力,连中国都在减速。所有理性的政策制定者不再信奉现成的药方——市场,华盛顿共识褪色了,取而代之的是缺乏共识。

与此同时,阿拉伯之春的惨状让民主的福音蒙上阴影。这场2011年席卷中东的革命政变刚开始似乎跟柏林墙倒塌一样。专制政体摇摇欲坠,新的民主呼之欲出。但是除了突尼斯,民主体制并未在这些经历革命的国家扎根。政治自由将不可阻挡走向前进的信念遭受重创。

有美国前总统小布什发动的战争推翻了萨达姆政权,好像再次证明了美国的实力。但多年以后,美国依然对稳定伊拉克或阿富汗局势束手无策。这表明虽然美军可以在几周内摧毁敌对政权,却无法保证稳定的战后秩序。巴格达陷落10多年后,美国又开始在伊拉克打仗——中东整体上还处于暴力无政府状态。

中国的崛起也让人们质疑美国“唯一超级大国”的地位还能维持多久。10月份,IMF称案评价购买力衡量,中国如今是世界最大的经济体。中国跟美国的国际政治影响力相比,还差得远。但美国自身的实力和维持全球霸权的意愿值得怀疑。

尽管如此,我们要记得柏林墙倒塌之时,很多美国人还对日本崛起着迷。这提醒我们思想的风向可以变得很快,流行的观念可能迅速褪色。新的一年以美国经济复苏开始,但西方理论自信的复苏似乎还遥不可及。

翻页为《金融时报》文章英文全文

For the first half of my life, international politics was defined by the cold war. The fall of the Berlin Wall ended that era and began another one: the age of globalisation. Now, 25 years later, it feels like we are once again witnessing the close of an era.

The sense that things are changing is strongest in the realm of ideas. In the past few years, the west has lost confidence in the strength of the three props on which the post-cold war world has been constructed: markets, democracy and American power.

The success of these three ideas was, of course, connected. Once the cold war had ended it was natural to ask why the western system had prevailed. The obvious conclusion was that democratic, market-based systems had simply outperformed command economies and authoritarian politics. As the popular saying went: “Freedom works.” The result was that the US was not just the only superpower left standing. It also enjoyed intellectual hegemony.

After the fall of the wall, there was a new vigour behind the spread of market economics and democratic politics around the world. It was appropriate that the free-market consensus championed by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund came to be known as the “Washington consensus”.

The political equivalent of the Washington consensus was the belief that democracy would eventually triumph not just in eastern Europe but all over the world. And in the 1990s countries as diverse as South Africa, Chile and Indonesia did indeed complete successful transitions to democracy. Underpinning these economic and political developments was the fact that the US was the unchallenged global superpower and at the centre of the military and strategic system all over the world — from Latin America to east Asia, the Middle East and Europe.

In many ways that is the world we still live in. And yet there are growing doubts in the west about the trinity of ideas around which the post cold-war world has been constructed: markets, democracy and American power. In each case, there was a signature event that served to undermine confidence.

The faith in free markets was severely shaken by the financial crisis of 2008 and the subsequent Great Recession — and has never really recovered. Although the global depression that many feared was avoided, the exuberant belief in the ability of free markets to raise living standards all over the world has not returned. In much of the west, economic debate is instead dominated by discussion of income inequality — with Europe adding an extra layer of anxiety about the euro and high unemployment. Star emerging markets such as Brazil and India have lost their fizz, and even China is slowing. The belief that there is a market-based formula out there that all sensible policy makers can adopt — a “Washington consensus” — has faded, to be replaced by a global lack of consensus.

Democratic evangelism, meanwhile, has been undermined by the horrors unleashed by the Arab uprisings. The wave of revolutionary change that hit the Middle East in 2011 initially looked like the Arab equivalent of the fall of the Berlin Wall. Authoritarian systems were tumbling and new democracies seemed to be emerging. But the failure of democracy to take root in any of the countries that underwent revolutions, with the exception of Tunisia, has undermined faith in the inevitable advance of political freedom.

Just as troubling, in some ways, is an emerging loss of faith in the ability of established democracies to deliver competent government. In the US, respect for Congress is at near-record lows. In European states such as Italy and France, the political systems seem incapable of delivering reform or growth — and voters are flirting with extremist parties.

The third prop of the age of globalisation is American power. That, too, looks less reliable than it did a decade ago. Here the central event was the Iraq war.

That conflict, unleashed by President George W Bush, initially looked like a triumphant demonstration of US might as Saddam Hussein was swept from power. But America’s inability to stabilise Iraq or Afghanistan, despite many years of effort, has demonstrated that while the US military can destroy a hostile regime in weeks, it cannot guarantee a stable postwar settlement. More than a decade after the fall of Baghdad, America is back at war in Iraq — and the Middle East as a whole is in a state of violent anarchy.

The rise of China has also raised questions about how long America’s reign as “sole superpower” can continue. In October the IMF announced that — measured in terms of purchasing power — China is now the world’s largest economy. It is still miles away from matching America’s international political reach. But America’s own ability and willingness to sustain its role as global hegemon is open to question.

That said, it is worth remembering that the fall of the Berlin Wall came at a time when many in the US were obsessed with the rise of Japan. That should serve as a reminder of how quickly the intellectual climate can shift and fashionable preoccupations fade. But, while the start of the year has seen a revival of the US economy, the revival of the west’s intellectual self-confidence still looks a long way off.
 
最后编辑:
后退
顶部