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泳池含几千种药物化学物质：如驱蚊药，阻燃剂……
时间：2015-01-13 13
据国外媒体报道，许多泳池工作人员要求游泳者下水前淋浴。一项新研究恰好强调了他们这样要求的残酷原因。科学家分析了从美国室内游泳池收集的水样，发现化妆品等日常药物都可能和水池内的氯发生有害反应。
分析结果显示，通常存在于护肤品、驱虫剂和阻燃剂内化学物质的残留物都有可能被游泳者吞下。之所以把氯加到泳池内，是为了清除某些细菌。以前的研究显示，尿素、尿酸和氨基酸等尿液元素都会和氯在泳池内发生反应，可能产生有害的消毒副产物。
这项新研究表明，药物和个人护理用品内的化学物可能造成一个相似效果。美国普渡大学莱尔斯土木工程学院环境与生态工程系的欧内斯特-布兰茨勒教授表示：“我们检查药物和个人护理用品的动机是它们可能给泳池内的人造成不受欢迎或意想不到的效果。几千种来自药物和个人护理用品的化学物质可能进入泳池内的水中。”
一个由美国佐治亚理工学院土木与环境工程系教授黄庆华(Ching-Hua Huang音译)率领的科研组最近开发出一项在水中识别32种药物和个人护理用品以及确定其数量的技术。布兰茨勒表示：“由于黄庆华教授已经开发出一个分析法，于是我们想，‘为什么不可以用它看看泳池内有什么呢？’”
这些研究人员在美国印第安纳州和佐治亚州的室内游泳池提取了水样。他们研究了32种化学物质，发现3种十分特殊。第一种是避蚊胺，它是驱虫剂内的一种活性成分。另外两种特殊化学物是咖啡因和磷酸三氯乙酯(一种阻燃剂)。
布兰茨勒说：“剩下的29种化学物都以低于检测水平的浓度存在于水池内。由于水池内通常有几千种药物，所以这只是一小部分可能存在于它里面的化合物。化学物质释放到一个泳池一样地方的主要问题是它完全不受控，又是未知的。我不想危言耸听。我们还没有发现任何现在引起恐慌的真相，但最主要的问题是它不是没有，而是我们还不知道。”
有些化学物质是挥发性的，这就意味着它们可能逃逸到空气中，然后被人吸入。其他的被人吞下或通过皮肤被人体吸收。布兰茨勒说：“游泳者通过3种不同方式暴露在化学物质中，它们分别是吸入、咽下和通过皮肤被人体吸收。”
驱虫剂、化妆品和防晒油等个人护理用品的化学物质可能进入泳池内的水中。游泳者吞下的许多药物不会被人体完全新陈代谢，而是通过汗水和尿液分泌出来。布兰茨勒说：“我认为，尿液是化学物质进入水池的主要途径。从药物角度考虑，化学物质被设计成以非常低的浓度表现出生物活性。例如避孕药，它们含有激素。如果这些化学物质和其他化合物存在于水中，会有怎样的结果？这是一个在很大程度上没有找到答案的问题。”
What are YOU swimming in? Scientists find insect repellent, caffeine and flame retardant chemicals in public pools
PUBLISHED: 14:20 GMT, 7 January 2015 | UPDATED: 14:25 GMT, 7 January 2015
Many pools ask swimmers to shower before getting in the water, and a new study has highlighted the grim reality of why this is.
Tests on water collected from indoor swimming pools in the US discovered that everyday pharmaceuticals, such as makeup, could be reacting in a harmful way with the chlorine in the pool.
The analysis found traces of chemicals typically found in skin care products, insect repellent and flame retardants, all of which have the potential to be ingested by swimmers.
Tests on water collected from indoor swimming pools in the US discovered that everyday pharmaceuticals, such as makeup, could be reacting in a harmful way with the chlorine in the pool. The analysis found traces of chemicals found in skin care products and insect repellent that have potential to be ingested by swimmers
Chlorine is added to swimming pool water to keep it clear of certain bacteria.
Previous research has shown that elements of urine including urea, uric acid, and amino acids, interact with chlorine to produce potentially hazardous disinfection by-products in swimming pools.
And this new research suggests chemicals from pharmaceuticals and personal care products, or PPCPs, could be causing a similar effect.
‘The whole motivation for examining pharmaceuticals and personal care products is that there is this unknown potential for them to bring about undesired or unexpected effects in an exposed population,’ said Professor Ernest Blatchley from the Lyles School of Civil Engineering and the Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering at Purdue University.
There are literally thousands of chemicals from pharmaceuticals and personal care products that could be getting into swimming pool water.’
A research group led by Ching-Hua Huang, a professor in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, recently developed a technique that identifies and quantifies 32 pharmaceuticals and personal care products in water.
‘Because professor Huang had already developed an analytical method, we thought, “Why not use it and see what we find in swimming pools?” said Professor Blatchley.
Water samples were taken from indoor swimming pools in Indiana and Georgia.
Of the 32 chemicals investigated, the researchers detected three in particular.
The first was N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, known as Deet, and is an active ingredient in insect repellants.
Caffeine was also detected, as was tri(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP) - a type of flame retardant.
‘The other 29 could have been present at concentrations below the detection level,’ Professor Blatchley said.
‘And because there are literally thousands of pharmaceuticals, this is just a small subset of compounds that could be present in swimming pools.
Pharmaceuticals may get into swimming pool water from personal care products applied to the skin such as insect repellant, makeup (stock image) and sunscreen. Many pharmaceuticals that are ingested are not fully metabolised by the body and are excreted in sweat and urine
‘The main issue is that the release of chemicals into a place like a swimming pool is completely uncontrolled and unknown. I don't want to be an alarmist. We haven't discovered anything that would be cause for alarm right now, but the bottom line is we just don't know.’
Some chemicals are volatile, which means they can escape into the air to be inhaled. Others can be ingested or absorbed through the skin.
‘Swimmers are exposed to chemicals through three different routes: You can inhale, you can ingest and it can go through your skin.
‘So the exposure you receive in a swimming pool setting is potentially much more extensive than the exposure you would receive by just one route alone,’ Professor Blatchley said.
Pharmaceuticals may get into swimming pool water from personal care products applied to the skin such as insect repellant, makeup and sunscreen.
Many pharmaceuticals that are ingested are not fully metabolised by the body and are excreted in sweat and urine.
‘Urine, I think, is really the primary mode of introduction,’ Professor Blatchley said.
‘When it comes to pharmaceuticals, these are chemicals designed to be biologically active at pretty low concentrations.
'Birth control pills, for example, contain hormones. If those chemicals and others are present, especially in a mixture in a water sample that humans are going to be exposed to, then what are the consequences of that?
'That is a largely unanswered question.’
The findings are published in the journal Environmental Science and Technology Letters.
EFFECT OF URINE ON CHLORINE
Chlorine is added to swimming pool water to keep it clear of certain bacteria.
But previous research has shown that elements of urine including urea, uric acid, and amino acids, interact with chlorine to produce potentially hazardous disinfection by-products in swimming pools.
The disinfection by-products included cyanogen chloride (CNCl) and trichloramine (NCl3).
Cyanogen chloride is a toxic compound that affects many organs, including the lungs, heart and central nervous system by inhalation.
Trichloramine has been associated with acute lung injury in accidental, occupational, or recreational exposures to chlorine-based disinfectants.
This research suggested that about 93 per cent of uric acid introduced to pools comes from human urine.
RECREATIONAL WATER ILLNESSES
According to the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, recreational water illnesses (RWIs) are caused by germs.
These germs are spread by swallowing, breathing in mists or aerosols, or having contact with contaminated water.
RWIs also can be caused by chemicals in the water or chemicals that evaporate from the water and cause indoor air quality problems.
A wide variety of RWI infections include gastrointestinal, skin, ear, respiratory, eye, neurologic, and wound-related.
The most commonly reported RWI is diarrhoea.
时间：2015-01-13 13
据国外媒体报道，许多泳池工作人员要求游泳者下水前淋浴。一项新研究恰好强调了他们这样要求的残酷原因。科学家分析了从美国室内游泳池收集的水样，发现化妆品等日常药物都可能和水池内的氯发生有害反应。
分析结果显示，通常存在于护肤品、驱虫剂和阻燃剂内化学物质的残留物都有可能被游泳者吞下。之所以把氯加到泳池内，是为了清除某些细菌。以前的研究显示，尿素、尿酸和氨基酸等尿液元素都会和氯在泳池内发生反应，可能产生有害的消毒副产物。
这项新研究表明，药物和个人护理用品内的化学物可能造成一个相似效果。美国普渡大学莱尔斯土木工程学院环境与生态工程系的欧内斯特-布兰茨勒教授表示：“我们检查药物和个人护理用品的动机是它们可能给泳池内的人造成不受欢迎或意想不到的效果。几千种来自药物和个人护理用品的化学物质可能进入泳池内的水中。”
一个由美国佐治亚理工学院土木与环境工程系教授黄庆华(Ching-Hua Huang音译)率领的科研组最近开发出一项在水中识别32种药物和个人护理用品以及确定其数量的技术。布兰茨勒表示：“由于黄庆华教授已经开发出一个分析法，于是我们想，‘为什么不可以用它看看泳池内有什么呢？’”
这些研究人员在美国印第安纳州和佐治亚州的室内游泳池提取了水样。他们研究了32种化学物质，发现3种十分特殊。第一种是避蚊胺，它是驱虫剂内的一种活性成分。另外两种特殊化学物是咖啡因和磷酸三氯乙酯(一种阻燃剂)。
布兰茨勒说：“剩下的29种化学物都以低于检测水平的浓度存在于水池内。由于水池内通常有几千种药物，所以这只是一小部分可能存在于它里面的化合物。化学物质释放到一个泳池一样地方的主要问题是它完全不受控，又是未知的。我不想危言耸听。我们还没有发现任何现在引起恐慌的真相，但最主要的问题是它不是没有，而是我们还不知道。”
有些化学物质是挥发性的，这就意味着它们可能逃逸到空气中，然后被人吸入。其他的被人吞下或通过皮肤被人体吸收。布兰茨勒说：“游泳者通过3种不同方式暴露在化学物质中，它们分别是吸入、咽下和通过皮肤被人体吸收。”
驱虫剂、化妆品和防晒油等个人护理用品的化学物质可能进入泳池内的水中。游泳者吞下的许多药物不会被人体完全新陈代谢，而是通过汗水和尿液分泌出来。布兰茨勒说：“我认为，尿液是化学物质进入水池的主要途径。从药物角度考虑，化学物质被设计成以非常低的浓度表现出生物活性。例如避孕药，它们含有激素。如果这些化学物质和其他化合物存在于水中，会有怎样的结果？这是一个在很大程度上没有找到答案的问题。”
What are YOU swimming in? Scientists find insect repellent, caffeine and flame retardant chemicals in public pools
- Researchers collected water from pools in Indiana and Georgia
- Chlorine is designed to keep swimming pools clear of certain bacteria
- But it also reacts with pharmaceuticals to create harmful by-products
- Tests revealed traces of insect repellent, caffeine and flame retardants
- It is though these chemicals originated from everyday pharmaceuticals and personal care products
- Experts warned such chemicals can be ingested and cause health issues
PUBLISHED: 14:20 GMT, 7 January 2015 | UPDATED: 14:25 GMT, 7 January 2015
Many pools ask swimmers to shower before getting in the water, and a new study has highlighted the grim reality of why this is.
Tests on water collected from indoor swimming pools in the US discovered that everyday pharmaceuticals, such as makeup, could be reacting in a harmful way with the chlorine in the pool.
The analysis found traces of chemicals typically found in skin care products, insect repellent and flame retardants, all of which have the potential to be ingested by swimmers.
Tests on water collected from indoor swimming pools in the US discovered that everyday pharmaceuticals, such as makeup, could be reacting in a harmful way with the chlorine in the pool. The analysis found traces of chemicals found in skin care products and insect repellent that have potential to be ingested by swimmers
Chlorine is added to swimming pool water to keep it clear of certain bacteria.
Previous research has shown that elements of urine including urea, uric acid, and amino acids, interact with chlorine to produce potentially hazardous disinfection by-products in swimming pools.
And this new research suggests chemicals from pharmaceuticals and personal care products, or PPCPs, could be causing a similar effect.
‘The whole motivation for examining pharmaceuticals and personal care products is that there is this unknown potential for them to bring about undesired or unexpected effects in an exposed population,’ said Professor Ernest Blatchley from the Lyles School of Civil Engineering and the Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering at Purdue University.
There are literally thousands of chemicals from pharmaceuticals and personal care products that could be getting into swimming pool water.’
A research group led by Ching-Hua Huang, a professor in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, recently developed a technique that identifies and quantifies 32 pharmaceuticals and personal care products in water.
‘Because professor Huang had already developed an analytical method, we thought, “Why not use it and see what we find in swimming pools?” said Professor Blatchley.
Water samples were taken from indoor swimming pools in Indiana and Georgia.
Of the 32 chemicals investigated, the researchers detected three in particular.
The first was N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, known as Deet, and is an active ingredient in insect repellants.
Caffeine was also detected, as was tri(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP) - a type of flame retardant.
‘The other 29 could have been present at concentrations below the detection level,’ Professor Blatchley said.
‘And because there are literally thousands of pharmaceuticals, this is just a small subset of compounds that could be present in swimming pools.
Pharmaceuticals may get into swimming pool water from personal care products applied to the skin such as insect repellant, makeup (stock image) and sunscreen. Many pharmaceuticals that are ingested are not fully metabolised by the body and are excreted in sweat and urine
‘The main issue is that the release of chemicals into a place like a swimming pool is completely uncontrolled and unknown. I don't want to be an alarmist. We haven't discovered anything that would be cause for alarm right now, but the bottom line is we just don't know.’
Some chemicals are volatile, which means they can escape into the air to be inhaled. Others can be ingested or absorbed through the skin.
‘Swimmers are exposed to chemicals through three different routes: You can inhale, you can ingest and it can go through your skin.
‘So the exposure you receive in a swimming pool setting is potentially much more extensive than the exposure you would receive by just one route alone,’ Professor Blatchley said.
Pharmaceuticals may get into swimming pool water from personal care products applied to the skin such as insect repellant, makeup and sunscreen.
Many pharmaceuticals that are ingested are not fully metabolised by the body and are excreted in sweat and urine.
‘Urine, I think, is really the primary mode of introduction,’ Professor Blatchley said.
‘When it comes to pharmaceuticals, these are chemicals designed to be biologically active at pretty low concentrations.
'Birth control pills, for example, contain hormones. If those chemicals and others are present, especially in a mixture in a water sample that humans are going to be exposed to, then what are the consequences of that?
'That is a largely unanswered question.’
The findings are published in the journal Environmental Science and Technology Letters.
EFFECT OF URINE ON CHLORINE
Chlorine is added to swimming pool water to keep it clear of certain bacteria.
But previous research has shown that elements of urine including urea, uric acid, and amino acids, interact with chlorine to produce potentially hazardous disinfection by-products in swimming pools.
The disinfection by-products included cyanogen chloride (CNCl) and trichloramine (NCl3).
Cyanogen chloride is a toxic compound that affects many organs, including the lungs, heart and central nervous system by inhalation.
Trichloramine has been associated with acute lung injury in accidental, occupational, or recreational exposures to chlorine-based disinfectants.
This research suggested that about 93 per cent of uric acid introduced to pools comes from human urine.
RECREATIONAL WATER ILLNESSES
According to the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, recreational water illnesses (RWIs) are caused by germs.
These germs are spread by swallowing, breathing in mists or aerosols, or having contact with contaminated water.
RWIs also can be caused by chemicals in the water or chemicals that evaporate from the water and cause indoor air quality problems.
A wide variety of RWI infections include gastrointestinal, skin, ear, respiratory, eye, neurologic, and wound-related.
The most commonly reported RWI is diarrhoea.
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