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美国杜克大学生物学家涉嫌学术造假 校方或需赔偿40亿
作者: 报刊文摘(徐.宫.赏.叶) [226221:15237], 06:26:48 09/22/2016:
- 论剑谈棋 豪杰尽聚 - 华岳论坛 - http://washeng.net/
文章来源: 中国青年报
美国杜克大学生物学家波茨·康德的名字或许会被烙在科学史上。不过,是以最羞耻的方式。
2013年,因为盗刷学校公务信用卡购物并伪造收据,康德涉嫌贪污2.5万美元被捕。杜克大学当即开除了她。
与此同时,校方也开始围绕康德的“学术诚信”进行调查。结果明显不能再糟:她的大量实验数据无法被验证,以至于过半学术著作都被学术期刊“表示关切”甚至直接撤稿。
“幸运”的是,事态没有继续发展下去。杜克大学称康德女士的离职是因为正常人事变动,全然未提堪称巨大的学术污点。
在此之后的两年多里,这位造假了大量数据的杜克大学福斯特肺部医学实验室的科学家一直安享着晚年。直到去年11月,她又一次接到联邦法院的传票。
上面白纸黑字地写道:波茨·康德伪造的数据或帮助福斯特实验室和其他研究机构骗取联邦政府补贴总计2亿美元,已涉嫌违反《虚假申报法案》。按照这项法案,她的老东家可能需要返还给联邦最高3倍的补偿款,即40亿人民币。
这是一起性质恶劣的学术造假案,但并不少见
在被查出拿公家信用卡在沃尔玛和亚马逊疯狂消费之前,波茨·康德一直是颇被看好的学术之星。自2005年起的9年时间里,她在福斯特实验室累计出版了38篇著作,其中不乏刊登在高影响因子刊物上的“权威论著”。
“学术之星”居然贪污公款?杜克大学的调查结果更是让人有点羞愧:康德的著作中有15篇需要被通篇撤稿,4篇被部分撤稿,还有3篇亟须修正。
后来的起诉书记录了实验室人员对她工作状态的描述:康德几乎在参与的所有实验和项目中篡改数据。有时不给小鼠合适的实验条件;有时根本就不做实验,根据需要伪造数据;还经常根据假设所需篡改出炉的数据,使其具备统计意义。
颇有讽刺意味的是,这些回头来看极为粗制滥造的“学术垃圾”,却畅销当时的顶尖学术市场。即使是发表时间最短的一篇撤稿文章,也被足足引用了257次。
更令人瞠目结舌的是,自2006年以来,康德凭着这些胡扯的数据,帮助杜克大学拿到了至少49个项目的8280万美元联邦资助,还间接帮其他研究机构申请到了15项额外经费,共计1.209亿美元。
到此为止,康德事件会成为一起格外引人注目的学术丑闻吗?事实上,没有。
即使在被看作“学术黑名单”的撤稿观察排行榜中,波茨·康德也仅仅勉强能排进前30。要知道,就连她所在实验室的总负责人福斯特名下,也都有12篇撤稿。
只看杜克大学,2006年,癌症研究专家安尼·波蒂就因虚假报告称能利用基因预测病人对化疗的反应而遭到质疑。整整8年后,美国科研诚信办公室才为这一事件作出定论:波蒂在至少9篇研究论文中使用了虚假的研究数据。另外,他还更改病人不良反应的数据,使指标看上去更加精确。
这一事件在当时引起了轩然大波。诸多参与波蒂试验的临床病患起诉了杜克大学,更要命的是,因为波蒂的研究在生物标记指导癌症治疗领域是基础性的,丑闻直接导致大量相关项目遭到了影响。
学术造假成了全世界普遍面临的问题。2009年,一项调查称,20%的科研人员承认自己捏造过数据,还有三分之一的科研人员承认自己有其他学术不端行为,比如隐瞒或剔除对结论不利的数据,或者为了得出更好看的结论修改实验细节、使用不适宜的研究方法,甚至直接修改研究结果。
至于撤稿,仅仅是学术不端被发现后的必然结果。2011年,《医学伦理》杂志公布了一组统计数字,称本世纪头10年,仅医学杂志数据库pubmed上能查到的撤稿就达到了742篇,这尚且是一门学科的一个细分数据库。
来自助手的指控,将“平常”的事件变成了惊天大案
趋之若鹜的“学术蛀虫”会被关进监狱吗?
美国麻省州立犯罪实验室的化学家安妮·杜汗是少数“够得上”牢狱之灾的代表。经她手化验的刑事案件多达4万例,据调查,其中一半以上压根儿没做检测,杜汗随便编个数字就被当作呈堂证据用了。经其数据被错误定罪或被无罪释放的人不下数千。
如今,她检测的案子由州政府一件件重新审查。3年过去,花了数百万美元,审查进程还不到十分之一。即使如此,她也仅仅被判处了5年监禁。
而在更多没有造成“直接”危害的情况下,“学术蛀虫”面临的最残酷惩罚,无非就是辞退。
2011年,欧洲新版《心脏病指南》推荐大多数手术病人在术前使用β受体阻滞剂。没人敢想,这个指南是基于一组数据造假的临床研究做出的。研究带头人、荷兰著名心血管专家珀德曼宣称手术患者使用β受体阻滞剂能大幅度降低死亡率。然而,其他研究者的超大样本分析却得出了令人震惊的结论:β受体阻滞剂不但毫无作用,反而会提高27%的手术死亡率。更可怕的是,造成差错的主要原因,竟是珀德曼主动修改了实验数据。
鉴于这份指南几乎是欧洲医学界的“金标准”,可以说,该地区每年手术后死亡的76万余名病患中,可能足足有16万是因使用了珀德曼故意编造的方法而去世,以至于揭露这一丑闻的医生愤怒地说,“独裁者的屠杀都比不上这种恶行!”
可最终,珀德曼仅仅被解雇,甚至重新找到了一份临床的工作。
被辞退,重新找工作,然后安享晚年,如果不是曾经的助手约瑟夫·托马斯的一纸诉状,波茨·康德很可能也会过上类似的生活。
可如今,一切都成了泡影。那个2012年才进实验室的毛头小子,以令人心惊胆寒的美国联邦《虚假申报法案》起诉了她和杜克大学。
这项令众多骗取联邦公款者胆战心惊的法案始于1863年,旨在鼓励普通民众举报骗取联邦政府资金的行为。根据规定,任何民众发现此类行为,都可以向司法部举报。一旦举报成功,违法一方需要向联邦支付最高三倍的罚金,举报者则可从中分得30%的奖励。
近些年,美国政府平均每年都能靠这项法案收缴35亿美金的罚金,单在2015年,举报者就凭借近700起此类案件获得了5.97亿美元的奖金。
不过话说回来,虽然《虚假申报法案》在美国已经不算个新鲜事,可处罚的主要领域还是在保险、医疗、军工生产以及银行房贷。如果杜克大学这次的罪名成立,它将成为该法案迄今为止针对学术不端行为涉及数额最大的指控。
为什么学术造假的案例如此之多,却很少得到《虚假申报法案》的惩罚呢?这跟法案要求的“主观恶意”有关。
在以处理虚假申报案见长的托里·杨律师看来,如果是撒谎骗取医疗保险这类案件,很容易就能证明违法者“故意”。可在学术领域,问题则复杂得多。
首先,个别学术人员行为不端很可能是私人行为,无法判定研究机构是否知情;其次,人们也很难判定数据造假对获得经费是否至关重要。有可能结果被歪曲,但问题本身确实是值得被研究的。
“说到底,只有证明大学管理层在意识到学术欺诈后依旧纵容,并借助这些虚构的结果牟利,才可能得到赔偿。”
这也恰恰是杜克大学竭力辩明的。
在案件被公布后不久,杜克大学发言人迈克尔·舍恩菲尔德就声明,校方也是在2013年康德盗刷信用卡事件曝光后才发现了她学术不端的问题,并立即通知多个联邦机构,还按照联邦法律要求,展开了详细的调查。
“杜克大学针对这一案件为政府提供了大量信息,我们配合相关部门调查的决心毫无保留。”舍恩菲尔德在一次官方发布会上严肃地宣称,杜克大学并不应该受到《虚假申报法案》的追责。
杜克大学的案子恐怕会让全美国的科研机构都内心一紧
杜克大学是否真的在此前对康德的学术造假毫不知情,并在之后尽力配合调查?这两个问题成了舆论关注的焦点,也成为案件走向的关键。
“这起案件给造假者敲响了警钟,也为举报者们打开了大门”。举报者约瑟夫·托马斯恰恰声称,自己掌握了足够多杜克大学对康德纵容的猛料。
他在起诉书中表示,早在康德被辞退前,实验室的相关负责人就曾接到过对她的学术造假情况的举报。其中一项证据是,2011年10月,美国卫生部发布了一份公告,称怀疑福斯特实验室某位核心调查员旗下的某位博士后(即波茨·康德)可能为获取资助而伪造数据。诉讼声称,该核心调查员曾在2010年和2011年先后提醒总负责人福斯特和另一位同样怀疑康德捏造数据的副教授这一问题。然而,这些问题都被福斯特压了下来,最终不了了之。
另一位证人是来自约翰霍普金斯大学的研究者。他也表示,自己曾怀疑康德的学术成果涉嫌伪造,并出于好意提醒过福斯特教授。然而,后者并没有给过他任何有价值的反馈。
事实上,按照托马斯的说法,即使在2013年康德贪污案东窗事发,大量学术成果已被证明伪造的情况下,杜克大学也绝对没有“毫无保留地配合调查”,反倒竭力遮掩她犯下的丑闻。
用托马斯的话说,“杜克大学对康德可是‘相当仁慈’,哪怕是一些完全胡扯的文章,他们也尽力保证其只需要被纠正,而不要完全撤稿。”
这些手段似乎并不是康德的老同事们自发献爱心的行为。一条可查询的记录显示,2013年5月7日,杜克大学科研管理办公室曾明确告知福斯特肺部医学实验室,希望有关课题的出版物尽可能地不要被删减或修改,“办公室不希望这件事像滚雪球一样没完没了。”
而在福斯特实验室内部,据托马斯所说,当时的项目处长莫妮卡·卡夫特等人也采用了多种方法销毁这一丑闻的证据,包括要求实验室人员在谈论这一事件时不能留下任何“把柄”。
由于以上的证据,杜克大学的案子显得格外扑朔迷离。甚至有不少法律界人士已经对最终结果持有乐观的态度。
一直关注此案件的律师苏珊娜·布鲁姆就认为,“《虚假申报法案》正被越来越多地用来起诉研究机构中的欺诈行为。这起判例有希望将法案的监管范围延伸到大学。”
要知道,在过去的十几年中,一共只有4起追查大学的虚假申报案件,其中仅有两起针对常春藤名校康奈尔大学的案例获得了胜诉。而且,这几起案件基本都是奖助学金、慈善基金类的问题,不涉及“棘手”的学术领域。
在这样的情况下,约瑟夫·托马斯举报康德和杜克大学这一案件还是走到了关键的一步。近日,美国联邦司法部将决定是否受理托马斯的举报——虽然即使司法部不立案,托马斯也可以凭个人身份替联邦政府起诉杜克,但在历史上,一旦司法部立案侦查,被举报者被证明违法的概率将高达80%以上。
“杜克大学的案子恐怕会让全美国的科研机构都内心一紧。”另一位专门负责虚报费用案的律师乔·安多尼认为,这起案子会被载入史册。
在某种程度上,“它为无耻的造假者们敲响了警钟,也为举报者们打开了大门。”
至少,对于一心息事宁人的康德和杜克大学实验室来说,希望已然落空。现在,全世界都在看着他们了。
Whistleblower sues Duke, claims doctored data helped win $200 million in grants
By Alison McCook, Retraction WatchSep. 1, 2016 , 2:00 PM
On a Friday in March 2013, a researcher working in the lab of a prominent pulmonary scientist at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, was arrested on charges of embezzlement. The researcher, biologist Erin Potts-Kant, later pled guilty to siphoning more than $25,000 from the Duke University Health System, buying merchandise from Amazon, Walmart, and Target—even faking receipts to legitimize her purchases. A state judge ultimately levied a fine, and sentenced her to probation and community service.
Then Potts-Kant's troubles got worse. Duke officials took a closer look at her work and didn't like what they saw. Fifteen of her papers, mostly dealing with pulmonary biology, have now been retracted, with many notices citing "unreliable" data. Several others have been modified with either partial retractions, expressions of concern, or corrections. And last month, a U.S. district court unsealed a whistleblower lawsuit filed by a former colleague of Potts-Kant. It accuses the researcher, her former supervisor, and the university of including fraudulent data in applications and reports involving more than 60 grants worth some $200 million. If successful, the suit—brought under the federal False Claims Act (FCA)—could force Duke to return to the government up to three times the amount of any ill-gotten funds, and produce a multimillion-dollar payout to the whistleblower.
The Duke case "should scare all [academic] institutions around the country," says attorney Joel Androphy of Berg & Androphy in Houston, Texas, who specializes in false claims litigation. It appears to be one of the largest FCA suits ever to focus on research misconduct in academia, he says, and, if successful, could "open the floodgates" to other whistleblowing cases.
False claims lawsuits, also known as qui tam suits, are a growing part of the U.S. legal landscape. Under an 1863 law, citizen whistleblowers can go to court on behalf of the government to try to recoup federal funds that were fraudulently obtained. Winners can earn big payoffs, getting up to 30% of any award, with the rest going to the government. Whistleblowers filed a record 754 FCA cases in 2013, and last year alone won nearly $600 million. The U.S. government, meanwhile, has recouped more than $3.5 billion annually from FCA cases in recent years.
Relatively few of these cases have targeted research universities (see box, below); many allege fraud in health care or military programs. But that's changing. The FCA "is increasingly being used to target alleged fraud in a diverse array of industries, including research and academia," says attorney Suzanne Jaffe Bloom of Winston & Strawn LLP in New York City. Although recent court rulings suggest public universities may have some protection from qui tam suits because they are government entities, private institutions do not. Eleven private universities, including Duke, are among the top 25 recipients of federal funding for academic science over the past decade.
Duke fraud case highlights financial risks for universities
Retraction Watch
The Duke case centers on allegations made by biologist Joseph Thomas, who, according to court documents, joined Duke's cell biology department in 2008. In 2012 Thomas moved to the pulmonary division, where Potts-Kant worked under William Michael Foster investigating how pollutants affect the body's airways. After Potts-Kant was placed on leave in 2013, the pulmonary division conducted an investigation of the data produced by Foster's lab, according to the lawsuit. (Duke has not released the results of the investigation.) Investigators analyzed raw data, recalculated results, and reran experiments, according to the suit. Thomas, who says he participated in the review, claims that other reviewers and pulmonary division staff told him that Potts-Kant doctored nearly every experiment or project in which she participated. Sometimes, the suit alleges, she hadn't exposed mice to the right experimental conditions or run the experiments at all. Other times, Thomas alleges, Potts-Kant had run the experiments but altered the data, tweaking them to match the hypothesis or boost their statistical significance.
Thomas, who no longer works at Duke, alleges that Foster and others at Duke were aware of concerns raised about Potts-Kant's work even before the investigation began. There were obvious red flags, he contends. For example, she spent far less time completing a research task than required by an equally experienced researcher. And at least one outsider had raised questions about her data at a scientific meeting. But the university withheld the scope of what it knew from federal funding agencies as it filed reports on existing grants and applied for new ones, the lawsuit alleges.
Specifically, Thomas alleges that since 2006 Duke received at least 49 grants worth $82.8 million from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Environmental Protection Agency, and other agencies "that were directly premised on and/or arose from the research misconduct and fraud of Potts-Kant and/or the Foster lab." And he alleges that the doctored data helped other institutions win 15 additional grants, worth $120.9 million, from NIH. (Those grants involved using the Duke lab for some research tasks.)
Foster did not respond to requests for comment on the case. Thomas—who is represented by his brother John Thomas of Gentry Locke LLP in Roanoke, Virginia—would not comment, and Potts-Kant could not be reached. In a statement, Duke spokesperson Michael Schoenfeld says that officials learned of the "discrepancies" in Potts-Kant's data only after her embezzlement was discovered in 2013. "Even though the full scope of Ms. Potts-Kant's actions were not known at the time, Duke notified several government agencies in June 2013 about the matter and immediately launched a formal scientific misconduct investigation, as required by federal law," he stated. "Since then, Duke has provided extensive information to the government regarding the grants in question, and we will continue to cooperate with their investigation." (The government has not joined the case, but could later.)
An attorney not associated with the case says it may face obstacles. Although the high number of retractions suggests that Thomas can meet the FCA's requirement that "falsity" exists, it may be more difficult to show that the inclusion of fraudulent data was key to winning the grants, another essential aspect of an FCA case, says Torrey Young of Foley & Lardner LLP in Boston. "An important concept," she says, is that "you can have research misconduct without having a false claim."
Alison McCook is an editor at Retraction Watch based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This story was produced under a collaboration between Science and Retraction Watch.
Posted in: EducationPolicyScientific Community
DOI: 10.1126/science.aah7250