中国外交部召见加拿大驻华大使就加方无理拘押华为公司负责人提出严正交涉

[Hard Worker]

外交部召见加拿大驻华大使就加方无理拘押华为公司负责人提出严正交涉

2018-12-08
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　　2018年12月8日，中国外交部副部长乐玉成紧急召见加拿大驻华大使麦家廉，就加方拘押华为公司负责人提出严正交涉和强烈抗议。

　　乐玉成指出，加方以应美方要求为由，将在加拿大温哥华转机的中国公民拘押，严重侵犯中国公民的合法、正当权益，于法不顾，于理不合，于情不容，性质极其恶劣。中方强烈敦促加方立即释放被拘押人员，切实保障当事人的合法、正当权益。否则必将造成严重后果，加方要为此承担全部责任。

https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/wjbxw_673019/t1620172.shtml

现在看看谁硬了！

 

[yellow_violence]

12月1号实施刺激，12月8号才叫出来，成袋儿吃伟哥吃8天才见动静，这反射弧绕地球十几圈没问题了。哎呦，好硬。归了包堆儿拢共188个字儿，连着8天每天写出来24个字儿不到，您再把自己吓出个好歹来。

周一开始继续大嘴巴扇，看你硬的结果。

 

[GuardianAngel]

”无理拘押" 用词似乎不妥

加拿大司法部好像不会做”无理拘押" 的事

 

[Hard Worker]

”无理拘押" 用词似乎不妥

加拿大司法部好像不会做”无理拘押" 的事

强盗行为，绑架普通公民，怎么不是无理拘押。正常的途径是通过国际刑警组织下发通缉令，然后才能拘捕。加拿大遣返的中国逃犯都是在国际刑警组织下发的红色通缉令名单上的，

 

[yellow_violence]

是是是，都无理拘押了，战狼还藏着交税呢，这得有多硬才能干的出来？

 

[飞来客]

强盗行为，绑架普通公民，怎么不是无理拘押。正常的途径是通过国际刑警组织下发通缉令，然后才能拘捕。加拿大遣返的中国逃犯都是在国际刑警组织下发的红色通缉令名单上的，

说黑道行为更恰当些。

 

[yellow_violence]

也是，到哭诉黑道的时候了。按说扫黄打黑，有经验呀。晚舟有救。

特喜欢这个铿锵有力掷地有声的排比：“于法不顾，于理不合，于情不容，性质极其恶劣”

就跟说嫖娼死的雷洋时候一样有力，捏死螳臂当车的加拿大算了。

 

[GuardianAngel]

强盗行为，绑架普通公民，怎么不是无理拘押。正常的途径是通过国际刑警组织下发通缉令，然后才能拘捕。加拿大遣返的中国逃犯都是在国际刑警组织下发的红色通缉令名单上的，

加拿大司法部门有他们的办事章程。其他的我不知道，但可以肯定的是:这件事情，和其他任何事情一样，是根据办事章程来的。

 

[yellow_violence]

英媒:习近平见特朗普忍气吞声 未提孟晚舟被捕(图)
新闻来源: 法广 于 2018-12-07 8:44:56

　

　　中国主席习近平与美国总统特朗普在G20工作晚餐上，2018年12月1日。路透社 REUTERS/Kevin Lamarque TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY

　　美国调查中国企业华为违反禁令绕道与伊朗交易，在中国国家主席习近平与美国总统特朗普阿根廷20国集团峰会结束日宴会谈判两国贸易停战，习近平被指已经获悉华为财务负责人孟晚舟被加拿大警方逮捕，但为贸易战忍气吞声没有提及该事件。

　　据联合新闻网引述英国金融时报消息，习近平或早知孟晩舟被逮捕，但为贸易战忍气吞声。


　　据该报道指，习近平可能早就知道孟晩舟被捕消息，只是为了解决眼前贸易战问题，而决定忍气吞声。

　　据英国《金融时报》报道，12月1日特朗普和习近平两人见面前，中国政府及习近平其实就已经掌握了加拿大警方逮捕华为全球财务长孟晩舟的资讯，但由于习近平希望将精神，集中在处理贸易战上，因此并没有在用晚餐时，与特朗普谈到此事。

　　不过，据金融时报早前报道，美国总统特朗普疑似在特习会时，尚不知孟晩舟被逮一事，并开心宣布贸易战暂时休兵。

　　另据报道说，尽管美国总统特朗普称并不知情，特朗普顾问博顿则承认当时已经知晓孟晚舟被加拿大逮捕一事。

 

[Hard Worker]

加拿大的司法权只适用于本国，不是无限大的，对于非本国公民，要遵循国际法，否则，不就是霸权主义吗？对等的，中国政府也可以说美加的公司卖战斗机给台湾，违反反分裂法，也可以把他们的高管抓到中国审判，没毛病吧？

 

[2005]

对瑞典英国也是这么声色俱厉，最后还是不了了之

 

[yellow_violence]

长臂管辖权[编辑]
维基百科，自由的百科全书


跳到导航跳到搜索
长臂管辖权（英语：Long-arm jurisdiction）是美国民事诉讼中的一个概念，指地方法院将管辖权延伸至域外（指州外乃至国外）的被告。

当长臂管辖权延伸至国外时，对长臂管辖权的制约在本质上是国际法的概念，以及一国不应在另一国领土上行使国家权力的原则，除非有某些公认的例外。

目录

• 1概述
• 2历史
• 3国际法争议
• 4附：国际制裁中的长臂管辖
• 5参考文献

概述[编辑]
长臂管辖权是指，当被告住所不在法院所在州，但与该州有某种最低限度的联系，且所提权利要求的产生和此种联系有关的时候，就该项权利而言，该州对该被告有“属人管辖权”（尽管该被告的住所不在该州），可在该州以外向被告发出传票[1]。

长臂管辖权的立法包括两类：

• （1）法规指明适用长臂管辖权的争议类别，如“侵权行为”、“商业交易”等，规定仅当权利要求涉及指明的类别时，才可以适用长臂管辖权。
• （2）法规不是指明或列举长臂管辖权涉及的活动，而是规定只要符合正当程序原则和效果原则，即可行使长臂管辖权。例如1997年美国司法部颁布实施的《反托拉斯法国际实施指南》称：“如果外国的交易对美国商业发生了重大的和可预见的后果，不论它发生在什么地方，均受美国法院管辖。”[1]

当长臂管辖权延伸至国外时，长臂管辖权的基础是“效果原则”，即只要某个在国外发生的行为在本国境内产生了“效果”，无论行为人是否具有本国国籍或者住所，也无论该行为是否符合当地法律，只要此种效果的性质使美国法院行使管辖权并非完全不合理，美国法院便可对因为此种效果而产生的诉因行使管辖权[1]。

历史[编辑]
长臂管辖原则最早是从1945年的“国际鞋业公司诉华盛顿案”开始，在该上诉案中，上诉人主张其活动在美国华盛顿州不构成“存在”，华盛顿州法院无权主张属人管辖。美国联邦最高法院则认为：“被告须与一州有某种‘最低联系’，使该州法院能够行使管辖权并不违背传统的公平与实质正义观念。”自此以后，联邦最高法院在一系列判例法中进一步发展了“最低联系”标准[1]。

按照“国际鞋业公司诉华盛顿案”案，联邦最高法院认为，“最低限度”联系取决于诉讼起因是否自该联系产生。若是，则单一独立联系便足以令被告受到该州法院的属人管辖；若不是，则需确定该联系是否是连续性的、系统的、实质性的。“最低限度”联系主要取决于两点：（1）被告是否在法院地从事连续性的、系统的商业活动；（2）原告的诉因是否源自这些商业活动[1]。

此后，在1980年的“世界大众汽车公司诉伍德森案”中，对“最低限度”联系的标准加以限制，由此前的两点变为三点：（1）被告是否有意利用法院地州的有利条件；（2）原告的诉因是否产生自被告在法院地州的行为；（3）管辖权的行使是否公正合理[1]。

美国不少州都依据“国际鞋业公司诉华盛顿案”确定的原则扩张了对非本州居民管辖的立法。最早的长臂管辖权法是1955年伊利诺伊州制定的长臂管辖权法。1967年北达科他州颁布实施了类似法案，1971年6月又将其写入该州民事诉讼程序内。同时，美国有35个州也先后通过了类似法案。美国统一私法协会制定的《统一联邦和州示范法》对美国多数州的长臂管辖权发挥了指导和示范作用[1]。

州的长臂管辖权法分成两种： （1）规定长臂管辖权适用范围，如“侵权行为的发生”、“商业交易活动”。伊利诺伊州、纽约州等州的法律属于此类。 （2）规定只要符合正当程序的要求便可以行使长臂管辖权，加利福尼亚州等州的法律属于此类[1]。

州长臂管辖权法和联邦最高法院关于长臂管辖权的判例法构成了联邦法院及州法院行使长臂管辖权的依据。联邦法院也出现过引用州法作为裁判依据的情况[1]。

长臂管辖权在美国确立后，逐渐扩张到合同、侵权、商业、家庭、网络等领域。美国法院率先将长臂管辖权延伸到互联网案件中，并且在Cybersell案中创造性发展了互联网案件中的长臂管辖权，即把网址分成互动型网址与被动型网址，并对互动型网址行使长臂管辖权[1]。

长臂管辖原则是经济及科技发展的结果之一，这种灵活的规则容易适应复杂的社会情况。与此同时，美国依靠其强大的经济实力，为美国向国外扩张长臂管辖权提供了后盾。长臂管辖权可以更有效地保护州内居民的利益，特别是在侵权案件中这种保护最明显[1]。

在多数案件中，长臂管辖权都受到了严格限制。尽管个别案件中美国法院利用“出现”来过分行使长臂管辖权，但“不方便管辖”原则对长臂管辖权进行了限制，“不方便管辖”原则是指是否受理案件要考虑诉讼程序、取证及执行的方便性，否则不行使管辖权[1]。

2014年，美国联邦最高法院就“戴姆勒公司诉鲍曼案”裁定，外国企业在美国设有子公司这一事实，不足以确立对外国企业的一般管辖权；若外国公司在美国拥有固定场所或主要营业地，或在美国“持续且系统的存在”使其已经成为实质上的本地企业，则无论争议是否同美国有关，可以行使一般管辖权；联邦最高法院还称，滥用一般管辖权将威胁“国际礼让”。联邦最高法院的该判例限制了各州法院的长臂管辖权。但是，美国法院仍可以基于银行通过在美国关联账户转账这一事实，确立特殊管辖权[2]。

国际法争议[编辑]
长臂管辖权是美国扩张司法管辖权的表现。当长臂管辖权延伸到国外时，将威胁其他国家的司法主权，可能造成国际民商事案件管辖冲突，因此美国的长臂管辖权一直受到其他国家的强烈批评和抵制[1]。这种管辖权的本质是绕过正常的国际司法协助途径。这导致外国自然人及法人在美国的法律风险增加[2]。

按照国际法，各国应通过《海牙取证公约》或双边渠道向其他国家提出司法协助请求。但美国凭借其金融和经济实力，借口国际司法协助效率低下、结果不确定等理由，认为《海牙取证公约》不排斥美国法院依据美国国内法取证，不愿走司法协助途径。美国的长臂管辖经常使外国被告处于或违反本国国内法、或违反美国国内法的两难境地。各国普遍对美国的长臂管辖不满。欧盟、加拿大均曾尝试用国内立法等方法反制美国滥用长臂管辖权。但是由于美国长臂管辖权的后盾是其强大的金融和经济实力，所以其他各国均缺乏有效的应对手段[2]。

附：国际制裁中的长臂管辖[编辑]
美国在对外实施国际制裁时，经常根据国内法对外国实体或个人提起刑事诉讼。2016年9月26日，美国司法部宣布对中国辽宁鸿祥实业发展公司提起刑事诉讼，指控该公司涉嫌违反联合国安理会2270号决议，为朝鲜民主主义人民共和国发展核武器提供支持。2016年9月27日中国外交部例行记者会上，发言人耿爽回应称：“我们反对任何国家根据国内法对中方实体或个人实施‘长臂管辖’。”“中方在近期与美方的有关沟通中表达了上述立场。”这是首次使用“长臂管辖”概括美国提起此类刑事诉讼的行为，也是“长臂管辖”这一法律概念的新含义。此后中国外交部又多次使用“长臂管辖”形容美国的类似行为[3][4]。

参考文献[编辑]

1. ^ 跳转至：1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 何雨亭. 美国涉外民事案件中的长臂管辖原则. 中国法院网.
2. ^ 跳转至：2.0 2.1 2.2 国际私法领域的新情况、新发展. 靠垫儿. 2016-11-19.
3. ^ 长臂管辖. 网易. 2016-09-28.

 

[yellow_violence]

加拿大为什么应美国要求逮捕/扣留中国公民？

http://www.treaty-accord.gc.ca/text-texte.aspx?id=101638
Treaty Between the Government of Canada and the Government of the United States of America on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters

E101638 - CTS 1990 No.19


THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

DESIRING to improve the effectiveness of both countries in the investigation, prosecution and suppression of crime through cooperation and mutual assistance in law enforcement matters,

HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:


Article I
Definitions

For the purposes of this Treaty, "Central Authority" means

1. 
   
   
   • for Canada, the Minister of Justice or officials designated by him;
   • for the United States of America, the Attorney General or officials designated by him;

"Competent Authority" means any law enforcement authority with responsibility for matters related to the investigation or prosecution of offences;

"Offence" means

1. 
   
   
   • for Canada, an offence created by a law of Parliament that may be prosecuted upon indictment, or an offence created by the Legislature of a Province specified in the Annex;
   • for the United States, an offence for which the statutory penalty is a term of imprisonment of one year or more, or an offence specified in the Annex;

"Public Interest" means any substantial interest related to national security or other essential public policy;

"Request" means a request made under this Treaty.

Article II
Scope of Application

1. 
   
   
   • The Parties shall provide, in accordance with the provisions of this Treaty, mutual legal assistance in all matters relating to the investigation, prosecution and suppression of offences.
   • Assistance shall include:
     1. examining objects and sites;
     2. exchanging information and objects;
     3. locating or identifying persons;
     4. serving documents;
     5. taking the evidence of persons;
     6. providing documents and records;
     7. transferring persons in custody;
     8. executing requests for searches and seizures.
   • Assistance shall be provided without regard to whether the conduct under investigation or prosecution in the Requesting State constitutes an offence or may be prosecuted by the Requested State.
   • This Treaty is intended solely for mutual legal assistance between the Parties. The provisions of this Treaty shall not give rise to a right on the part of a private party to obtain, suppress or exclude any evidence or to impede the execution of a request.

Article III
Other assistance

1. 
   
   
   • The Parties, including their competent authorities, may provide assistance pursuant to other agreements, arrangements or practices.
   • The Central Authorities may agree, in exceptional circumstances, to provide assistance pursuant to this Treaty in respect of illegal acts that do not constitute an offence within the definition of offence in Article I.

Article IV
Obligation to request assistance

1. 
   
   
   • A Party seeking to obtain documents, records or other articles known to be located in the territory of the other Party shall request assistance pursuant to the provisions of this Treaty, except as otherwise agreed pursuant to Article III(1).
   • Where denial of a request or delay in its execution may jeopardize successful completion of an investigation or prosecution, the Parties shall promptly consult, at the instance of either Party, to consider alternative means of assistance.
   • Unless the Parties otherwise agree, the consultations shall be considered terminated 30 days after they have been requested, and the Parties' obligations under this Article shall then be deemed to have been fulfilled.

Article V
Limitations on compliance

1. 
   
   
   • The Requested State may deny assistance to the extent that
     1. the request is not made in conformity with the provisions of this Treaty; or
     2. execution of the request is contrary to its public interest, as determined by its Central Authority.
   • The Requested State may postpone assistance if execution of the request would interfere with an ongoing investigation or prosecution in the Requested State.
   • Before denying or postponing assistance pursuant to this Article, the Requested State, through its Central Authority,
     1. shall promptly inform the Requesting State of the reason for considering denial or postponement; and
     2. shall consult with the Requesting State to determine whether assistance may be given subject to such terms and conditions as the Requested State deems necessary.
   • If the Requesting State accepts assistance subject to the terms and conditions referred to in paragraph 3(b), it shall comply with said terms and conditions.

Article VI
Requests

1. 
   
   
   • Requests shall be made by the Central Authority of the Requesting State directly to the Central Authority of the Requested State.
   • Requests shall be made in writing where compulsory process is required in the Requested State or where otherwise required by the Requested State. In urgent circumstances, such requests may be made orally, but shall be confirmed in writing forthwith.
   • A request shall contain such information as the Requested State requires to execute the request, including
     1. the name of the competent authority conducting the investigation or proceeding to which the request relates;
     2. the subject matter and nature of the investigation or proceeding to which the request relates;
     3. a description of the evidence, information or other assistance sought;
     4. the purpose for which the evidence, information or other assistance is sought, and any time limitations relevant thereto; and
     5. requirements for confidentiality.
   • The Courts of the Requesting State shall be authorized to order lawful disclosure of such information as is necessary to enable the Requested State to execute the request.
   • The Requested State shall use its best efforts to keep confidential a request and its contents except when otherwise authorized by the Requesting State.

Article VII
Execution of requests

1. 
   
   
   • The Central Authority of the Requested State shall promptly execute the request or, when appropriate, transmit it to the competent authorities, who shall make best efforts to execute the request. The Courts of the Requested State shall have jurisdiction to issue subpoenas, search warrants or other orders necessary to execute the request.
   • A request shall be executed in accordance with the law of the Requested State and, to the extent not prohibited by the law of the Requested State, in accordance with the directions stated in the request.

Article VIII
Costs

1. 
   
   
   • The Requested State shall assume all ordinary expenses of executing a request within its boundaries, except
     1. fees of experts;
     2. expenses of translation and transcription; and
     3. travel and incidental expenses of persons travelling to the Requested State to attend the execution of a request.
   • The Requesting State shall assume all ordinary expenses required to present evidence from the Requested State in the Requesting State, including
     1. travel and incidental expenses of witnesses travelling to the Requesting State, including those of accompanying officials; and
     2. fees of experts.
   • If during the execution of the request it becomes apparent that expenses of an extraordinary nature are required to fulfill the request, the Parties shall consult to determine the terms and conditions under which the execution of the request may continue.
   • The Parties shall agree, pursuant to Article XVIII, on practical measures as appropriate for the reporting and payment of costs in conformity with this Article.

Article IX
Limitations of use

1. 
   
   
   • The Central Authority of the Requested State may require, after consultation with the Central Authority of the Requesting State, that information or evidence furnished be kept confidential or be disclosed or used only subject to terms and conditions it may specify.
   • The Requesting State shall not disclose or use information or evidence furnished for purposes other than those stated in the request without the prior consent of the Central Authority of the Requested State.
   • Information or evidence made public in the Requesting State in accordance with paragraph 2 may be used for any purpose.

Article X
Location or identity of persons

The competent authorities of the Requested State shall make best efforts to ascertain the location and identity of persons specified in the request.

Article XI
Service of documents

1. 
   
   
   • The Requested State shall serve any document transmitted to it for the purpose of service.
   • The Requesting State shall transmit a request for the service of a document pertaining to a response or appearance in the Requesting State within a reasonable time before the scheduled response or appearance.
   • A request for the service of a document pertaining to an appearance in the Requesting State shall include such notice as the Central Authority of the Requesting State is reasonably able to provide of outstanding warrants or other judicial orders in criminal matters against the person to be served.
   • The Requested State shall return a proof of service in the manner required by the Requesting State or in any manner agreed upon pursuant to Article XVIII.

Article XII
Taking of evidence in the requested state

1. 
   
   
   • A person requested to testify and produce documents, records or other articles in the Requested State may be compelled by subpoena or order to appear and testify and produce such documents, records and other articles, in accordance with the requirements of the law of the Requested State.
   • Every person whose attendance is required for the purpose of giving testimony under this Article is entitled to such fees and allowances as may be provided for by the law of the Requested State.

Article XIII
Government documents and records

1. 
   
   
   • The Requested State shall provide copies of publicly available documents and records of government departments and agencies.
   • The Requested State may provide copies of any document, record or information in the possession of a government department or agency, but not publicly available, to the same extent and under the same conditions as would be available to its own law enforcement and judicial authorities.

Article XIV
Certification and authentication

1. 
   
   
   • Copies of documents and records provided under Article XII or Article XIII shall be certified or authenticated in the manner required by the Requesting State or in any manner agreed upon pursuant to Article XVIII.
   • No document or record otherwise admissible in evidence in the Requesting State, certified or authenticated under paragraph 1, shall require further certification or authentication.

Article XV
Transfer of persons in custody

1. 
   
   
   • A person in custody in the Requested State whose presence is requested in the Requesting State for the purposes of this Treaty shall be transferred from the Requested State to the Requesting State for that purpose, provided the person in custody consents and the Requested State has no reasonable basis to deny the request.
   • The Requesting State shall have the authority and duty to keep the person in custody at all times and return the person to the custody of the Requested State immediately after the execution of the request.

Article XVI
Search and seizure

1. 
   
   
   • A request for search and seizure shall be executed in accordance with the requirements of the law of the Requested State.
   • The competent authority that has executed a request for search and seizure shall provide such certifications as may be required by the Requesting State concerning, but not limited to, the circumstances of the seizure, identity of the item seized and integrity of its condition, and continuity of possession thereof.
   • Such certifications may be admissible in evidence in a judicial proceeding in the Requesting State as proof of the truth of the matters certified therein, in accordance with the law of the Requesting State.
   • No item seized shall be provided to the Requesting State until that State has agreed to such terms and conditions as may be required by the Requested State to protect third party interests in the item to be transferred.

Article XVII
Proceeds of crime

1. 
   
   
   • The Central Authority of either Party shall notify the Central Authority of the other Party of proceeds of crime believed to be located in the territory of the other Party.
   • The Parties shall assist each other to the extent permitted by their respective laws in proceedings related to the forfeiture of the proceeds of crime, restitution to the victims of crime, and the collection of fines imposed as a sentence in a criminal prosecution.

Article XVIII
Improvement of assistance

1. 
   
   
   • The Parties agree to consult as appropriate to develop other specific agreements or arrangements, formal or informal, on mutual legal assistance.
   • The Parties may agree on such practical measures as may be necessary to facilitate the implementation of this Treaty.

Article XIX
Ratification and entry into force

1. 
   
   
   • This Treaty shall be ratified, and the instruments of ratification shall be exchanged at Washington, D.C., as soon as possible.
   • This Treaty shall enter into force upon the exchange of instruments of ratification.

Article XX
Termination

Either Party may terminate this Treaty by giving written notice to the other Party at any time. Termination shall become effective six months after receipt of such notice.


IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto by their respective Governments, have signed this Treaty.

DONE in duplicate, in the English and French languages, each language version being equally authentic, at Québec City, the 18th day of March, 1985.

Brian Mulroney
FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA

Ronald Reagan
FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA


ANNEX
The definition of offence includes offences created by the Legislature of a Province of Canada or offences under the law of the United States in the following categories:

1. 
   
   
   • securities;
   • wildlife protection;
   • environmental protections; and
   • consumer protection.

 

[阿土仔]

强盗行为，绑架普通公民，怎么不是无理拘押。正常的途径是通过国际刑警组织下发通缉令，然后才能拘捕。加拿大遣返的中国逃犯都是在国际刑警组织下发的红色通缉令名单上的，

美加好像有协议，比那个更简单快捷。

 

[肥猫]

不管怎么说，天朝开加压。那个用词已经不是对友好国家的了。这次不把加拿大这个出头鸟打爬下，以后任何有争议的中国人都别出国了。小土豆这次要撞枪囗。