这叫战略策划，晓得伐？
看看印度2013年的火星探测吧，客观说，确实有不少可圈可点的。
-验证了印度星际导航的能力
-超星际测控能力
-印度用了非常少的资金BUDGET，达到了预期的目的。
整个印度航天的思路非常类似中国航天前期的道路。在经济很落后的情况下，集中力量，精打细算，赢得了国际地位和大国之间谈判的砝码。
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Mars Orbiter Mission
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This article is about the Mars probe from India. For other Mars orbiters, see
List of Mars orbiters and
List of missions to Mars.
Mars Orbiter Mission
| Spacecraft properties | |
|---|
| Start of mission | |
|---|
| Mars orbiter | |
|---|
| Orbital parameters | |
|---|
Mars Orbiter Mission Spacecraft (illustration) | |
| Names | Mangalyaan |
|---|
| |
| Mission type | Mars orbiter |
|---|
| Operator | ISRO |
|---|
| COSPAR ID | 2013-060A |
|---|
| SATCAT no. | 39370 |
|---|
| Website | www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c25-mars-orbiter-mission |
|---|
| Mission duration | Planned: 6 months[1]
Elapsed: 5 years, 8 months, 29 days |
|---|
| |
| Bus | I-1K[2] |
|---|
| Manufacturer | ISAC |
|---|
| Launch mass | 1,337.2 kg (2,948 lb)[3] |
|---|
| BOL mass | ≈550 kg (1,210 lb)[4] |
|---|
| Dry mass | 482.5 kg (1,064 lb)[3] |
|---|
| Payload mass | 13.4 kg (30 lb)[3] |
|---|
| Dimensions | 1.5 m (4.9 ft) cube |
|---|
| Power | 840 watts[2] |
|---|
| |
| Launch date | 5 November 2013, 09:08 UTC[5] |
|---|
| Rocket | PSLV-XL C25[6] |
|---|
| Launch site | Satish Dhawan FLP |
|---|
| Contractor | ISRO |
|---|
| |
| Orbital insertion | 24 September 2014, 02:00 UTC[7]
MSD 50027 06:27 AMT
2098 days / 2042 sols |
|---|
| Periareon altitude | 421.7 km (262.0 mi)[8] |
|---|
| Apoareon altitude | 76,993.6 km (47,841.6 mi)[8] |
|---|
| Inclination | 150.0°[8] |
|---|
| |
Indian missions to Mars
Mars Orbiter Mission 2 → | |
The
Mars Orbiter Mission (
MOM), also called
Mangalyaan ("Mars-craft", from
Sanskrit: मंगल
mangala, "Mars" and यान
yāna, "craft, vehicle"),
[9][10] is a
space probe orbiting
Mars since 24 September 2014. It was launched on 5 November 2013 by the
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
[11][12][13][14] It is
India's first interplanetary mission
[15] and it made it the fourth
space agency to reach Mars, after
Roscosmos,
NASA, and the
European Space Agency.
[16][17] It made India the first Asian nation to reach Martian orbit and the first nation in the world to do so on its maiden attempt.
[18][19][20][21]
The Mars Orbiter Mission probe lifted-off from the
First Launch Pad at
Satish Dhawan Space Centre (
Sriharikota Range SHAR),
Andhra Pradesh, using a
Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) rocket C25 at 09:08 UTC on 5 November 2013.
[22] The
launch window was approximately 20 days long and started on 28 October 2013.
[5] The MOM probe spent about a month in
Earth orbit, where it made a series of seven
apogee-raising orbital manoeuvres before
trans-Mars injection on 30 November 2013 (
UTC).
[23] After a 298-day transit to Mars, it was put into Mars orbit on 24 September 2014.
The mission is a "
technology demonstrator" project to develop the technologies for designing, planning, management, and operations of an interplanetary mission.
[24] It carries five scientific instruments.
[25] The spacecraft is currently being monitored from the Spacecraft Control Centre at
ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) in
Bengaluru with support from the
Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) antennae at
Bengaluru, Karnataka.
[26]
Contents
History[edit]
On 23 November 2008, the first public acknowledgement of an uncrewed mission to Mars was announced by then-ISRO chairman
G. Madhavan Nair.
[27] The MOM mission concept began with a feasibility study in 2010 by the
Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology after the launch of lunar satellite
Chandrayaan-1 in 2008. Prime Minister
Manmohan Singh approved the project on 3 August 2012,
[28][29] after the
Indian Space Research Organisation completed ₹125 crore (US$18 million) of required studies for the orbiter.
[30] The total project cost may be up to ₹454 crore (US$64 million).
[11][31] The satellite costs ₹153 crore (US$21 million) and the rest of the budget has been attributed to ground stations and relay upgrades that will be used for other ISRO projects.
[32]
The space agency had planned the launch on 28 October 2013 but was postponed to 5 November following the delay in ISRO's spacecraft tracking ships to take up pre-determined positions due to poor weather in the
Pacific Ocean.
[5] Launch opportunities for a fuel-saving
Hohmann transfer orbit occur every 26 months, in this case the next two would be in 2016 and 2018.
[33]
Assembly of the PSLV-XL launch vehicle, designated C25, started on 5 August 2013.
[34] The mounting of the five scientific instruments was completed at
Indian Space Research Organisation Satellite Centre,
Bengaluru, and the finished spacecraft was shipped to Sriharikota on 2 October 2013 for integration to the PSLV-XL launch vehicle.
[34] The satellite's development was fast-tracked and completed in a record 15 months.
[35] Despite the
US federal government shutdown, NASA reaffirmed on 5 October 2013 it would provide communications and navigation support to the mission "with their
Deep Space Network facilities.".
[36] During a meeting on 30 September 2014, NASA and ISRO officials signed an agreement to establish a pathway for future joint missions to explore Mars. One of the working group's objectives will be to explore potential coordinated observations and science analysis between the
MAVEN orbiter and MOM, as well as other current and future Mars missions.
[37]
