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In July 2014, it was announced that
Panasonic had reached a basic agreement with Tesla to invest in a factory,
[22][23][24] estimated to cost $5 billion.
[25][26] The northern Nevada site and plans were announced with state officials on September 3, 2014.
[8] Panasonic agreed to lead the battery cell production portion of the manufacturing, and Tesla CEO Elon Musk indicated in 2015 that the total Panasonic investment would be US$1.5–2 billion,
[27] and that Tesla would not expand beyond original plans.
[28] In early 2016 Panasonic president
Kazuhiro Tsuga confirmed a planned total investment of about $1.6 billion by the company to equip the factory to full capacity.
[29] However, after
the number of Model 3 reservations became known in April 2016,
[30] Panasonic moved production plans forward
[31][32] and announced a
bond sale for $3.86 billion, most of it to be invested in Gigafactory.
[33][34][35]
Cell level
Computer generated image comparing 2170 and 18650 cells
Panasonic makes the battery cells at the Gigafactory with the new form factor '
2170', jointly designed and engineered by Tesla and Panasonic
[123] and subsequently updated.
[124] They are larger than the
18650 cells used in the Model S and Model X automobiles. While the new cells were originally expected to be at least 20 mm in diameter and 70 mm in length,
[125][126] revised specifications for the optimized form factor are 21 mm (0.83 in) by 70 mm (2.8 in). Tesla thus refers to it as the '21–70'
[106] or '2170'
[123] whereas
Samsung refer to the size as '21700'.
[127]
Panasonic was expected to begin cell production in 2016,
[111] and continue for at least 10 years.
[128] Among the machines spotted at the opening in July 2016 were
presses and
rollers for
cathodes.
[129] Gigafactory began mass production of
2170 cells in January 2017.
[15][117] Only Panasonic cells are to be used in the US-made Model 3,
[130] and Tesla uses 21–70 format for Model 3 and Powerwall/Powerpack.
[117] Panasonic owns some of the cell production equipment
[128] in an area not accessible to non-Panasonic employees. By December 2018, Panasonic operated 11 cell production lines.
[110] Some of the lines were temporarily converted from storage (NMC) to vehicle (NCA) to increase supply for the Model 3.
[131]
Tesla uses
nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) lithium cells for stationary storage (Powerwall and Powerpack), and
nickel cobalt aluminium (NCA) lithium cells for vehicles.
[132] The cell components are then encased in aluminum cans made by Heitkamp & Thumann inside GF1,
[133][110] using 10,000 tons per year.
[134] Panasonic delivered three million battery cells daily to Tesla in 2018.
[110] An April 2019 report quoting former and current employees at Panasonic's side of the Gigafactory described how half a million of battery cells per day were scrapped because of production defects related to carelessness, lack of respect for operating procedures, and the overall pressure to increase output.
[135][136][137] At the end of 2019, Panasonic had 3000 US workers and 200 Japanese technicians at Gigafactory 1,
[136][
better source needed] and quality had improved to increase production to a rate of 30 GWh/year on the same equipment. Panasonic occupies more than half of the factory,
[137] operating 13 cell lines. In early 2021, Panasonic had its first annual profit in Gigafactory.
[138][139] Panasonic operates a warehouse in TRIC,
[140] and is making a research&education facility in the city of Reno.
[141] By 2022, Panasonic had shipped more than 6 billion cells from Gigafactory.
[142]
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