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治疗ADHD药物被校园大学上用于提高学习效率.
 
先看中文报道

毁了一代美国学生的“聪明药”,现在开始祸害中国孩子了​

2019.03.03 17:27

还有十个月,高三女生田静(化名)就即将迎来高考。

高一、高二一直是班级前五的她,在几次测试中遭遇“滑铁卢”,班级排名已经跌出了前十,这让她十分焦虑。

直到她的妈妈递给她一片白色药片。

据新京报报道,在服药两个多月并增加服药量后,田静的课堂专注度提升了,很容易就学会以前觉得困难的知识点,成绩又回到了班级前列。

但很快,她出现了“掉发、彻夜失眠”等症状。妈妈发现异常后让田静停了药,结果她开始频发头疼、恶心,听不进去课,无法静下心看书做题。

田静心烦意乱,开始自己在网上联系药片的卖家,没想到却误服了“摇头丸”。

最后,她被确认为“服药上瘾”,最终被送入戒毒医院。

那片“罪魁祸首”就是“利他林”,又被称为“聪明药”。它主要成分是哌醋甲酯,是一种中枢神经系统兴奋剂。因为服用后注意力提升,疲劳感下降。

毁了一代美国学生的“聪明药”,现在开始祸害中国孩子了


国内的家长和学生们可能前所未闻,靠吃药就能提高学习成绩,还能有这种“好事儿”?!但在美国,学生滥用处方药已经是校园里心照不宣的秘密。

每年的12月,各高校陆续迎来期末季,你能看到图书馆、教室等地但凡有桌子和椅子的地方全部人满为患;当然,最明显的还是布满在每个学生脸上的“放飞自我”——描眉、剃须再也顾不上了,满脸写着的只有熬夜后的“疲惫”二字。

毁了一代美国学生的“聪明药”,现在开始祸害中国孩子了


曾经以为嗑药这件事只会发生在小混混、玩咖这类人身上,与学霸是无缘的。但为了考试成绩,好学生也会嗑药。从申请大学的SAT考试、到常春藤学霸们为了维持GPA4.0的期末考,study drugs/smart drugs(聪明药)的药物在学生中广为使用。

1

“聪明药”真的有那么神?

我知道“聪明药”这种东西的存在,要从朋友Yaming说起。

Yaming高中就来到美国读书,一直读到硕士毕业。他说,当年自己半路来到美国,语言是最大的障碍,课业成绩因为语言受了不少影响。备战SAT时,压力太大一度得了失语症。

有一次,他和几位同学一起完成小组项目,作为期末考试的一部分内容。大家忙了一整天,沟通、争吵、妥协,每个人都精疲力尽。突然,有位美国同学大吼一声“受不了了!”然后拿出一粒药吞了下去。

Yaming说,那时他才知道原来班上“本土”的学霸们服用这种“聪明药”早已是公开的秘密。

“聪明药”其实不是某一种药,而是有Adderall(安非他明)、Ritalin(利他明)这类神经兴奋剂。这类药物主要是用来治疗ADHD(注意缺陷多动障碍)的处方药,也就是说必须有医嘱才能获得。

毁了一代美国学生的“聪明药”,现在开始祸害中国孩子了
 
“聪明药”是几类能够醒神、提升注意力的神经兴奋剂的统称,全都是处方药,被用于治疗多动症、嗜睡症等疾病

服用这一类药物后,大脑会产生增进兴奋、清醒和降低疲劳的感觉,给人以“变聪明了”的效果,因此它们俗称“聪明药”,也成为许多考生的考试法宝。

但实际上没有任何证据表明,聪明药真的对智力有帮助,甚至长期服用对于没有患上多动症的人而言,会有上瘾的风险。

以利他林为例,它被用于治疗多动症已经近60年,是受管制的精神药物,在国内被列为“第一类精神药品”和冰毒同等级别

所谓的“聪明药”在很多国家,特别是美国已经在年轻人中泛滥了。

早在2007年,美国食品药品管理局FDA就发布过通告,利他林应该在药品说明中加入黑框警告,因为这类药品可能会增加身体和精神伤害的风险,甚至导致用药者死亡

比如会导致抑郁和情绪不稳、心律不齐和停药期间的急性衰竭反应和精神失常等。对于青少年而言,这些药丸最终会诱使他们走上滥用镇痛剂和安眠药的道路

但是根据《纽约时报》报道,也正是在FDA发出通告的2007年起,开给美国10到19岁青少年的ADHD(多动症)药物处方量5年间增长了26%

到2012年就已达每年2100万份处方之多。报道里采访的一位心理医生直言,滥用处方兴奋剂已成为美国的一种校园文化

权威科学杂志《自然》2017年调查的结果显示,全球通过合法与不合法途径服用聪明药的人数比例,在20%左右。而在过去两年,这个数字还在增长。

根据Netflix 2018年出品的纪录片《TakeYourPills》(药瘾)中,转述美国国家药物滥用研究所针对常春藤盟校的一项匿名调查显示,有将近70%的藤校学生承认自己服用阿得拉;27%的学生坦言自己逢考必吃

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(Netflix纪录片Take Your Pills

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聪明药像一条捷径,充满了诱惑

为什么很多人知道聪明药可能会有副作用,但还是很多人要去尝试?

纪录片《Take Your Pills》采访了很多金融和科技从业者,问他们为什么要想方设法冒着违法风险购买聪明药。

他们的解答有一个共同点,就是身处高竞争环境,也想在竞争中存活,对他们来说,为了不被同龄人抛弃,聪明药看起来是一个捷径

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“一旦你初尝禁果,开始服用药丸或是这一类的东西,这事儿就变得不再可怕了——尤其是你还能拿到好成绩。”

一名因为“聪明药”滥用而在接受治疗的美国男孩,一一列举了他如何逐渐对“聪明药”上瘾,最后又迷上了海洛因。

这个男孩的话某种程度上解释了为什么在美国聪明药会如此泛滥。

学业的竞争压力下,只要吃一个小药丸就能够把学习成绩提上去,似乎看起来没有什么不妥

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根据《纽约时报》的采访,会使用“聪明药”的学生几乎都是拿A的好学生。

玛德莱是一名常青藤名校的学生,即使考上大学,她仍然会偶尔使用兴奋剂。

“这不是一个艰难的决定。到底是每天只睡四个小时,搞到一团乱,然后考试成绩和曲棍球比赛都表现不好,还是让老师开心,教练开心,那好成绩,进好大学,让我的父母也开心?”

她说,在她的中学,班上几乎有1/3的学生使用兴奋剂用来提高学习成绩。所有人都强调,使用聪明药,并不是为了体验神魂颠倒的感觉,都是为了满足日益提高的升学期待而不得不出此下策

在国内,为什么会有这么多学生、家长对聪明药趋之若鹜,对产生的副作用不加以了解就敢使用?恐怕也是一样的心理:高强度的学习压力下,为了拿到好成绩而不择手段
 
再看加拿大华人媒体

“聪明药”北美校园流行 学生想取得好成绩靠“脑力伟哥”有用吗?​

加拿大都市网
2019年4月12日 14:54
都市报
photo.php

每年冬天一过,各大学即进入紧张的期末考试准备阶段,学生压力可想而知。但学习这条看似没有捷径的路上,却有人能够另辟蹊径。 “聪明药”在北美校园的流行,成为不少学生取得优异成绩的潜在帮手。这种“大脑伟哥”真的是百利而无一害吗?
本报记者 文琪
随着社会竞争力的日益增加,在大学里取得优异的成绩往往与良好的就业和前途直接挂钩。法学院、医学院等培养高端人才的专业更是人才济济,淘汰率颇高,莘莘学子想方设法追求一纸文凭和课业高分无可厚非。 《加拿大都市报》记者留意到网上推崇一种“聪明药”,信息源于微信上一位爆料学生的垂询。 “Adderall这种药靠谱吗?我看身边有些同学考试前学习时都会吃,据说看书学习记东西非常快,还可以不打瞌睡,是考前突击和写论文的神奇器。我在网上找到有卖15加元一粒的,但我胆小,不敢买。我很好奇。”
被学生追捧的“脑力伟哥”神药
根据本报记者网上跟踪,这种被奉为“大脑伟哥”的神药已经流行相当长时间,中国知名的问答网站知乎上就有以“很多世界名校学生要靠吃兴奋剂保持精力吗”为题的帖子,曾经引起多方的关注和舆论的哗然。帖子中,不但有急功近利的中国妈妈在微信上通过身处北美的“代购人”非法购买“聪明药”,更是引述了媒体报道美国藤校里有20%的学生用过聪明药的普遍情况。这款名为“Adderall”或同类名为Ritalin的“神药”,可以在服用后让人的注意力高度集中,避免困倦,甚至在北美的高中里就已颇为流行。
2013年英国The Daily Telegraph的报道显示,剑桥大学有10%的学生曾经使用过名为Adderall或同类的Ritalin等药物。这些对中枢神经有很强刺激作用的药物通常被用来治疗多动症和嗜睡症以及注意力不急症等病症。正常人服用后,也有能够集中注意力和提高效率的作用。报道指出,由于此类药物是受到法律监管和需要医生处方的药物,有的学生会故意假装患有多动症骗医生开出处方,网上也存在药物的非法交易。
从加拿大本地医学院就读毕业的万锦市家庭医生徐丹在接受星岛《加拿大都市报》记者访问时,对北美的高校里有这种情况存在的现象表示了肯定。但她透露,总的来看,在加拿大华裔很少会开这种药,其他族裔的病人相对会开得多一些。 “特别是医学院和法学院的学生,据我所知他们吃这种药是很疯狂的。学生吃完这种药之后,并不是变聪明,而是可以连续两、三天都不睡觉,持续性地一直在图书馆里学习。”
记者随后接触到了一位安省某大学临床研究系的在校生,她表示对Adderall在校园内的流行并不陌生,但自己没有吃过也不会吃。 “正常人吃了这个药,不止能让你集中精力学习,还可能会让你集中精力做所有你想做的事。比如,我听过有人吃了之后除了学习还会集中精力去打扫房间。所有你想做的事你都会非常集中地不停地去做,这很可怕。”
记者向徐丹提出,是否会有学生会故意假装患有多动症或伪装出注意力缺失等行为获取医生处方的情况发生,或者是否有学生病患要求开这种药,徐丹称:“如果有病人来找我开这种药,如果我不清楚他的病史,或者他的过往病史不清晰,我是绝对不会给开的。它属于会上瘾类的药物,是一种兴奋剂,因此药物的派发会被相关部门所严格监控。我们医生给出处方的相关要求非常高。所有受限制的东西都会导致相关犯罪行为的产生。这也就是为什么我们会看到有不法之徒会抬高价格,在网上非法贩卖。”
药物成瘾难害终身
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网传的微信截图聊天记录,显示中国家长越洋通过非法代购购买“聪明药”。 (来自
精英说)
“聪明药”看似是学习道路上的捷径。学生享受着他们带来的好处时,也忽略了这种被管控的化学药品的副作用。徐丹解释道,服用“聪明药”的问题是,吃完以后,会让人心率加快,会伴有一系列的身体负担。这类药的确能够短暂地帮助服用者注意力高度集中,但有些人会因此而成瘾。 “有注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)患者,会吃一些Ritalin之类的药物,能够帮助他调整到正常人的水平。但是这种药物,在让你高度兴奋的同时,它会让你心跳加速,整个身体的体征都会不太正常。这样就会对人的生理造成一定的负担,对心脏也非常不好。”
不少在校学生都知道有这种“聪明药”的存在,但也有人表示,对于在医学院、法学院等高强度专业学习的学生,面对巨大的学习和考试压力,吃这种药帮助学习的做法也能理解。还有的人认为,“就是考试吃这么一会儿,又不是平时天天吃,不至于有什么不良后果”。作为执业的医生,徐丹对此回应称:“少剂量的吃这类药物的确可以调整一些问题。比如,有一些人的确身体缺乏一些物质,尤其是ADHD的患者,他们往往注意力不集中、患有多动症,药物会帮助他们恢复到正常人的水平。如果是身体健康的正常人吃这种药,的确也是会让他高度集中地去做很多事情。但是一旦不吃之后,他们的精神和注意力很难再恢复到很集中的状态,并且有时候可能会伴有头痛等症状。”
学生们眼中看似无害的药物,问题在于很多年轻人并不了解复杂化学物质是一种易使人成瘾的药物。一旦断药,日后自身很难通过自己的力量集中注意力。徐丹表示:“我认为最大的问题是这种药物是上瘾的,很多人却并不了解。有些人得到它的好处,觉得可以长时间的注意力很集中地去做一些事的时候,他就会因此渐渐上瘾,这就是为什么我们会严格限制人们使用它。而一旦成瘾了之后,吃的剂量就会越来越大。所有会成瘾的药物都有个特征,就是会需要比之前更大的剂量,来保持之前剂量所带来的愉快感或者精神的集中力。时间长了,这对身体肯定是不好的。”
加国高校否认
学生使用“聪明药”

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约克大学(York University)高级媒体关系专员Anjum Nayyar在接受星岛《加拿大都市报》记者提出的关于在校学生通过药物提高学习效率一事的采访时,先是与记者确认了事件的信息来源是否与约克大学有关,又表示会和学校的相关部门询问和跟进。
在随后,Nayyar联系记者表示,约克大学决定不接受本次话题的访问。但是,约克大学的代理发言人Janice Walls愿意向本报提供一份声明。 “约克大学在我们的校园里,并没有看到这种趋势存在的证据。约克大学一直致力于促进校园内所有学生和教职员工的福利。我们提供以学生为中心去支持心理健康的服务,包括外展、研讨会,例如我们提供管理考试压力的策略,以及同伴程序等,以促进学业成功、学生发展和一个能够让大家积极参与社区。我们也鼓励有心理健康相关问题的学生去使用这些资源。”
在约克大学看来,使用聪明药的现象更多是源于学生的心理问题。 Walls希望以此大家分享,约克大学鼓励学生们使用一个在线移动应用程序工具WellTrackR app,这是一个可以提供自我指导的模块以帮助有需要的人解决压力、抑郁、焦虑和恐惧症。 Walls称:“该工具的创建源于对咨询(counselling)的需求,是在生活的各个方面,而不仅仅是在校园里。这为面对面的咨询提供了替代方案,人们可以从在线工具中受益。WellTrackR课程类似于个人在接受咨询师或临床心理学家的认知行为疗法(Cognitive Behavioral Therapy,CBT)时所获得的课程。这个工具对约克大学的所有学生都是免费的。
多伦多大学士嘉堡校区(UTSC)媒体关系专员Don Campbell在接受本报记者访问时表示,大学无法与媒体讨论个别的案例,但在与学校的健康和保健中心核实后,他们报告说并没有看到多伦多大学士嘉堡校区的学生中有滥用Adderall的问题或趋势。 “健康和保健中心还配备了医疗保健的专业人员,包括护士、医生和辅导员,他们可以为学生提供一系列支持,包括在需要时正确使用药物和相关的咨询。”
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约克大学推荐学生们使用的WellTrackR app
当本报记者再次向Campbell提出,由于有数据和报告显示在世界范围内的高校都有学生使用聪明药的现象,甚至2013年英国The Daily Telegraph的报道中提到,剑桥大学的一位神经科学教授Barbara Sahakian向学校建议在考试前检测学生使用药物的情况以确保考试的公平性。
Campbell则对此回应称:“我们大学并没有计划在考试之前对学生们进行药物测试的计划。”
违法用药后果严重
加拿大卫生部高级媒体关系顾问Anna Maddison在接受星岛《加拿大都市报》记者针对此问题的访问时,并未直接回答是否有留意到在加拿大高校有学生使用非法来源的Adderall类药物的问题。她只对记者表示:“处方药受到《受管制的药物和物质法案》(Controlled Drugs and Substances Act)所管辖,只有在医疗保健专业人员给出处方时使用才合法。”在Maddison提供给记者的官方文件链接中显示,故意服用未经医生给出处方的药物,以达到兴奋或改变心情的目的,是一种滥用处方药的行为(problematic prescription drug use)。
可能导致滥用处方药的最常见的药物类型中,除了大家比较熟悉的可用于治疗某些类型的疼痛的阿片类药物,还有可用于治疗注意力缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的兴奋剂(stimulants) ,也就是我们所关注的Adderall类药物。加拿大卫生部官方网站上明确指出,有问题地使用这些药物会导致严重的健康影响,包括成瘾、过量甚至死亡。
Maddison并未对个案的惩罚程度(Offences and Punishment)进行回应。她给出记者的文件信息显示,在受管制的药物和物质法案中,对非法使用处方药物的不同情况和情节给出了相关的惩罚规定。纵观这些惩罚条款(Punishment),一旦因非法使用处方药而被定罪,会面临从一千元到数千元不等的罚款以及半年到数年不等的刑期。
1 嗜药成瘾怎么办?
如果你或你周围的人正在与药物使用障碍或成瘾做斗争,可以向相关机构寻求帮助。全国范围内的热线以及服务中心的电话可以登录Get help with substance use - Canada.ca 查看
2 Adderall是毒品吗?
《加拿大都市报》记者向万锦市家庭医生徐丹提出,既然Adderall类药物容易让人上瘾,不再使用后可能注意力无法自行集中,那么它不就和毒品一样吗?记者希望和徐医生确认,是否可以把这类药物和毒品挂钩。徐医生对此回应称,首先要看每个人对毒品的定义。 “所有上瘾的药物机制都是差不多的,就是看它副作用的大小。怎么定义毒品?每个人的界定不一样。有人把大麻界归类为毒品,有人就不这样认为,觉得大麻的副作用与吗啡、可卡因不同。而毒品的副作用当中,又分为很多种,冰毒、吗啡、可卡因等各种各样的毒品的副作用大小又不一样。每个人承受的毒品副作用的大小不同,承受药物副作用的大小也不一样,所以有人会把他自己认为副作用大的归类为毒品。”
徐医生提出,Adderall和Ritalin这类药物,是帮助注意力集中,也有些像兴奋剂。 “它的副作用是对心血管系统造成伤害,可能引起血压升高,再就是会产生依赖性。在这些角度上看,它和毒品是一样的。但不一样的是,它并不像毒品一样,比如吗啡和海洛因,吃一个星期,会导致很大很大的副作用,严重到死亡。当然你要是一天吃很多的Ritalin,心跳加速,也会产生生命危险。毒品还有一个特点,就是当它在你身体里的浓度渐渐降低的时候(withdrawal),会产生各种各样不适应的反应。比如吗啡的withdrawal effect,你会觉得恶心、出虚汗、肌肉疼痛等。可卡因又是另一种。而像Adderall和Ritalin这类药物,可能withdrawal effect就是让你觉得注意力不集中、犯困、没法提起精神来,可能人们会觉得像没喝咖啡。所以说,你说它是不是毒品?从我个人角度来看,它算是毒品。但是从某些人的角度,没有那么大的副作用,会觉得不算,看每个人药物毒性以及副作用的承受能力以及他个人对于毒品的定义。
3 安省药君子增加
一项由安省药物政策研究网络(Ontario Drug Policy Research Network)于2018年发布的调查研究显报告示,安省所有年龄段的人群中,对于如Ritalin、Concerta 和Adderall一类的处方兴奋剂(prescription stimulants)的使用均有所增加。 Ritalin和Adderall被批准用于治疗多动症以及嗜睡症(narcolepsy)。
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加拿大本地医学院就读毕业的万锦市家庭医生徐丹(ID Cosmetic Clinic提供)
2013年,安省每1,000人中就有4.7人服用处方兴奋剂。到了2017年,这个数字增加到了6人。在过去的五年中,处方兴奋剂(prescription stimulants)的使用率上升了近30%。该研究还发现,与女性相比,男性接受兴奋剂处方的可能性要大得多,但这种差异在儿童和青少年中最为明显。在2017年,大约5%的13至18岁的男孩接受了兴奋剂处方,而同一年龄组的女孩只有2.4%。
安省药物政策研究网络的研究人员试图通过测量来自不同医生和药房对于旧处方的提前续取(early refills of a prior prescription)来评估潜在的不当处方(potential inappropriate prescribing)情况。 2017年,不到1,000个处方是不适当的,占当年所有兴奋剂处方的0.12%。相比较2013年的数字1,319个有所减少。
 
最后看洋人如何看

Netflix高分纪录片《药瘾》告诉你:美国的快乐教育不快乐​

2019-03-07 06:15

美国留学,不仅意味着要体验全新的环境与教育理念,还意味着要承受独在异乡为异客的孤寂。留学生在美国,总要经历一段难忘的求学时光。对于某些学生来说,通过每个学期大大小小的测试是一种挑战;对于另外一些学生来说,融入不同的文化,与当地人交谈是一种挑战;还有的学生光是离开家人的照顾,独自生活在国外已经是不小的挑战了。这些挑战总是伴随着压力,而纾解压力的方法有千万种,如若是你,你会选择哪一种呢?

最近,Netflix上一部纪录片“Take Your Pills”(药瘾)又一次引发了人们的热议。这部纪录片讲述的是在美国,一些治疗ADHD(注意缺陷多动障碍)的药物被学生以及上班族滥用。尽管他们明知长期服用这些药物会对自己的身体有所损伤,但服用后能让人更加专注于自己想做的事情这一功效让他们无法对这些药片说No。服药成了这些人缓解压力的最佳帮手。

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我们生活在一个竞争异常激烈的年代。从还未出生起,竞争就已经开始了。刚开始,我们比的可能只是胎教时听了什么样的音乐。慢慢的,我们开始比成绩、比身材、比工作、比婚姻。小时候我们可能会想,等我长大就可以随心所欲的做自己。当你真正的成长时,你才会明白,父母、社会带给你的压力不会在某个阶段终止,只要生命不止,竞争就在你身边。甚至有很多时候,最大的压力,是来源于你自己给自己设定的目标。

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没有人不会想要成为更好的自己。那些看似颓废、散漫的人在最初大多都有尝试努力,只是有的人因为各种各样的干扰无法坚持下去。想要成功,体能和意志是缺一不可的。而当你感觉无力、无助,却又迫切的想要得到一个好的结果时,这些ADHD药物就像是通往成功的一道捷径。它能让你忽略掉身边的干扰,在不借助他人帮助的前提下,就能获得更好的表现。

当谈论起中美教育差异的时候,我们有时候会听到这样的观点:国内家长关注孩子的成绩,而美国家长更关注自己的孩子是否快乐成长。但事实是否真的如此呢?从药瘾这部纪录片中我们可以了解到,美国学生经常服用的Adderall(阿得拉,ADHD治疗常用药)有很多时候就是从父母那里获得的。因为这一类药物是处方药。服药是单纯为了让孩子们体会快乐的感受吗?显然不是的。服药过后能更好的集中注意力,提升身体机能,取得好的成绩才是这些学生和家长的最终目标。
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阿得拉一类的让人更好集中注意力的药被称为“聪明药”,这些药有很多副作用,例如有心血管疾病发作风险、可能会引起精神病,还可能会让人上瘾,无法摆脱对药品的依赖。这些风险学生和家长们并非一无所知,但他们还是选择了服用。没有人愿意承担风险,除非TA认为自己可以从中获得更多。显然,对于学生们来说,眼前的成绩、父母的期盼、以及对未来发展的渴望远比自己的身体健康要重要的多。
眼前的利益总是比未来的伤害要诱人的多。在学生们最终被药品所伤害之前,那些切切实实从服用药品中获得的帮助让他们无法做出理性的判断。
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在纪录片里,对于一些家庭条件一般的学生来说,服用药物像是唯一能让自己和那些家庭条件优越的学生一较高下的“武器”。条件好的学生除了可以上教学水平较高的私立学校之外,还可以请私教提升自己的成绩。但另外一些家庭条件较差的学生情况则刚好相反,经济压力导致他们无法接触最好的资源,有时候为了打工还会压缩自己的学习时间。这时候,服用能让自己事半功倍的ADHD治疗药物似乎是他们平衡资源差异的最好方法。
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实际上,阿得拉一类的药物,并非是无所不能的“聪明药”。很显然,这类药物能够帮助服用者延长清醒的时间,延长能够忍受无聊任务的时间,但它并不能够帮助服用者提高自身的认知能力。这类药物最大的作用,其实是让服药者自我感觉更加良好。这种感觉能够让人增强自信,从而更加有动力完成自己想要做的事。
一生中,我们总会承受各种各样的压力,但这些压力只会陪伴我们一阵子,而不是一辈子,就像那些阿得拉一样。在纪录片的结尾,一名长期服用药物的女学生说:我不知道我会去哪里,但当我设想的时候,没想过自己会再服用阿得拉。
其实,无论是选择在国内完成学业还是去美国留学,都不可能度过一段毫无压力的日子。只要我们想要过上更好的生活,完成更高的目标,就不可避免的会给自己带来一定程度上的心理压力。适量的压力会成为前进的动力,你需要做的,就是去正视它,并且克服它。
 
最后看纯英文学术性报道


This study used SEM and SCT to characterize PS use among students from diverse institutions in Georgia. In our sample, 7.0% reported a diagnosis of ADHD, slightly higher than the national estimate of 6.1%.4 Moreover, 45.7% reported use of PS in the past 4 months without a diagnosis of ADHD or prescription for PS; this is higher than rates documented in prior research.31,32 Correlates of use of PS without an ADHD diagnosis or without a prescription for the stimulant included lower parental education, a proxy for socioeconomic status. This finding may reflect issues related to health literacy and/or access to healthcare, as lower socioeconomic status is related to these challenges. Those who did not have a prescription/diagnosis versus those who did also reported being older at the first time of use, which may be an additional indicator of such healthcare access/utilization issues that may lead to delays in obtaining PS. NMPS was also associated with not having a diagnosis of depression or anxiety. This provides further support for the notion that NMPS may be a matter of healthcare access or utilization, as having these other mental health diagnoses – which are commonly comorbid with ADHD – would indicate that these problems were detected and treated. It is also noteworthy that PS may be used to elevate mood, reduce suicidal ideations, treat depression that is resistant to traditional anti-depressant drug therapy, and treat symptoms of anxiety.33

Interestingly, both PS use and NMPS use were associated with attending a private school (relative to a technical school), which is consistent with the literature.11,17 Prior research has also documented that higher socioeconomic status is associated with higher rates of NMPS use.15,34 For example, one study34 found that individuals that came from families with a family income greater than $100,000 are more than two times more likely to illicitly use stimilants, compared to those with lower incomes. Collectively, these findings are difficult to interpret but may indicate that higher socioeconomic status, parental education and perhaps knowledge of mental health risks, and overall access to healthcare may be critical factors related to PS use without a prescription or a diagnosis of ADHD.

Substance use also distinguished use of PS with versus without an ADHD diagnosis or prescription. More specifically, past 30-day tobacco and marijuana use was correlated with NMPS use. These findings align with literature stating that tobacco and marijuana use is higher not only among those diagnosed with ADHD but also among those who choose to self-medicate or use PS non-medically.17,25,27,28,35 Those who did not have a prescription/diagnosis versus those who did were more likely to indicate they snort their medication, which may reflect similar underlying risk factors for other substance use.

In the current study, the most commonly reported reasons for taking stimulants included to enhance concentration and focus, to be more productive with school work, and to get work done more efficiently, all of which have previously been documented in the literature.11,15,17,21 Compared to those who had a prescription, those who did not were more likely to use PS for reasons such as to have a more enjoyable time or to party longer, all of which are recreational motives.

Regarding side effects of PS, students commonly reported difficulty falling asleep, feeling fidgety, feeling anxious, heart palpitations, and not feeling hungry; these findings coincide with prior research.14 Those who had a prescription versus those who did not differed with regard to such adverse effects as difficulty falling asleep, headaches, feeling fidgety, feeling anxious, and not feeling hungry. Compared to those who had a prescription, those who did not were less likely to report difficulty falling asleep, headaches, not feeling hungry, and feeling fidgety or anxious. These types of adverse symptoms may be a deterrent to NMPS.

The current findings have implications for research and practice. Our study highlights correlates of PS use among students attending different types of institutions, including those that have not been extensively studied such as those attending technical colleges. Additional research is needed to further understand PS use of individuals who are not diagnosed with ADHD but are still prescribed PS. In particular, there is a need to further understand and address the role of socioeconomic status and healthcare access. For example, college campuses with student health centers should emphasize the importance of proper screening for ADHD and other mental health and learning disorders, as well as to facilitate access to proper treatments for students from all socioeconomic backgrounds. Campuses without student health centers, such as technical college campuses, need to develop referrals, coordination, and other resources to facilitate student healthcare access. Qualitative research should also examine the experiences of college students with PS use (e.g., reasons for use, access, sharing of stimulants), particularly among students who are not diagnosed with ADHD or prescribed stimulants. Moreover, a more sophisticated understanding of multilevel factors that influence PS and NMPS use, particularly social influences, is needed; for example, advanced methods such as social network analyses could shed light on such influences. In practice, supportive measures should be put into place to ensure students in need of mental health services receive them and are appropriately diagnosed and treated. Campus-based services must educate students about the adverse affects of NMPS use and provide resources for students who may be struggling academically or who may not be able to handle their courseload.

Limitations​

Limitations include limited generalizability given the sample was drawn from colleges/ universities in Georgia, and the proportion of men (albeit large) was smaller relative to the proportion of women. However, it is important to note that the sample was drawn from diverse schools, including private, public, technical, and historically black colleges and universities in both rural and urban settings. Second, the parent study focused on tobacco use, rather than on PS use, thus limiting the assessment of the range of relevant factors (e.g., comprehensive assessment of access/sources, reasons for use). Third, the study didn’t assess specific aspects of college life (e.g., Greek membership), which may have beeen helpful in characterizing students who used PS and NMPS. Finally, the data were self-reported and cross-sectional, raising concerns about bias reports and inability to make causal attributions among the variables assessed.

Conclusions​

With the US using more PS than any other country, the use of PS without a prescription on college campuses is concerning. This study provides data on correlates of PS use without a prescription and characteristics of PS use among a diverse sample of post-secondary students across a southeastern state. Findings underscore the potentially important role of healthcare access in PS use among college students, as well as distinct motives for use among PS users with versus without a prescription or ADHD diagnosis. Future research should take into account access to PS on campuses, as well as evaluating resources on campus that will aid in reducing academic-related stress.

本研究使用 SEM 和 SCT 来描述来自佐治亚州不同机构的学生的 PS 使用情况。 在我们的样本中,7.0% 的人报告被诊断为 ADHD,略高于全国估计的 6.1%。4 此外,45.7% 的人报告在过去 4 个月内使用过 PS,但没有诊断为 ADHD 或未开 PS 处方; 这高于先前研究中记录的比率。31,32 在没有 ADHD 诊断或没有兴奋剂处方的情况下使用 PS 的相关性包括较低的父母教育程度,这是社会经济地位的一个代表。 这一发现可能反映了与健康素养和/或获得医疗保健有关的问题,因为较低的社会经济地位与这些挑战有关。 那些没有处方/诊断的人与那些有处方/诊断的人相比,在第一次使用时也报告年龄较大,这可能是此类医疗保健获取/利用问题的另一个指标,可能导致延迟获得 PS。 NMPS 还与未诊断出抑郁或焦虑有关。 这进一步支持了 NMPS 可能与医疗保健获取或利用有关的观点,因为这些其他心理健康诊断(通常与 ADHD 共存)将表明这些问题已被检测到并得到治疗。 还值得注意的是,PS 可用于提升情绪、减少自杀念头、治疗对传统抗抑郁药物治疗无效的抑郁症以及治疗焦虑症状。 33

有趣的是,PS 使用和 NMPS 使用都与就读私立学校(相对于技术学校)有关,这与文献一致。11,17 先前的研究还证明,较高的社会经济地位与较高的 NMPS 使用率相关 .15,34 例如,一项研究34发现,来自家庭收入超过 10 万美元家庭的个人非法使用兴奋剂的可能性是收入较低的人的两倍多。 总的来说,这些发现很难解释,但可能表明较高的社会经济地位、父母教育程度、心理健康风险知识以及总体医疗保健可能是在没有处方或诊断为 ADHD 的情况下使用 PS 的关键因素。

物质的使用还区分了有和没有 ADHD 诊断或处方的 PS 的使用。 更具体地说,过去 30 天的烟草和大麻使用与 NMPS 使用相关。 这些发现与文献一致,文献表明烟草和大麻的使用不仅在被诊断为 ADHD 的患者中更高,而且在那些选择自我治疗或非医疗性使用 PS 的患者中也更高。17,25,27,28,35 与那些有处方/诊断的人相比,有处方/诊断的人更有可能表明他们吸食药物,这可能反映了其他药物使用的类似潜在风险因素。

在目前的研究中,最常见的服用兴奋剂的原因包括提高注意力和集中力、提高学校作业的效率以及更高效地完成工作,所有这些都已在文献中记录过。 11,15 ,17,21 与持有处方的人相比,没有持有处方的人更有可能出于诸如享受更愉快的时光或延长聚会时间等原因而使用 PS,所有这些都是娱乐动机。

关于PS的副作用,学生普遍反映入睡困难、烦躁、焦虑、心悸、不饿; 这些发现与之前的研究一致。14 服用处方药的人和未服用处方药的人在入睡困难、头痛、烦躁、焦虑和不饥饿等不良反应方面存在差异。 与持有处方的人相比,未持有处方的人出现入睡困难、头痛、不饿、烦躁或焦虑的可能性较小。 这些类型的不良症状可能会阻碍 NMPS。
 

Due to increased awareness of ADHD as a condition affecting individuals across the lifespan, the rate of ADHD diagnosis and treatment in college students is on the rise, with current estimates suggesting that 2–8% of U.S. college students have ADHD.1 Although prior studies have shown poor continuity of treatment for most children and adolescents with ADHD,28 surprisingly little is known about ADHD medication adherence rates or patterns in college students. Poor treatment adherence may have especially dire consequences for university students with ADHD given their risk for deficient academic performance and lower college graduation rates.9, 10 Therefore, ADHD medication adherence in college students is an important area for study which Gray and colleagues investigate in this issue of the Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics.11

Gray et al use electronic monitoring to examine trajectories of ADHD medication adherence across an academic semester (e.g., at four time points, each approximately one month apart) in 51 undergraduate students, including comparing adherence patterns in freshmen to returning upperclassmen. On average, Gray and colleagues found that the sample as a whole adhered to only 53% of prescribed medication doses. However, there were striking differences between incoming and returning students, with freshmen having lower adherence rates compared to upperclassmen at all time points. As the authors point out, this is not unexpected, given that upperclassmen – unlike freshmen - have had a year or more to adjust to managing their ADHD medications on their own. In addition, there may have been a selection effect for the upperclassmen sample, as it is likely that only those students who successfully manage their ADHD as freshmen continue with subsequent years of college. What is more surprising is the characteristic adherence trajectory over the course of the semester, a pattern common to both the incoming and returning students: adherence increased from the beginning of the semester to peak at the end of the first month, and then declined at the semester’s end. Specifically, freshmen adhered to an average of 34% of prescribed doses at the semester’s start, with adherence increasing to 52% at the end of the first month and then decreasing to 44% at the semester’s end. Upperclassmen had initial adherence rates of 68% of prescribed doses, with adherence increasing to 77% at the end of the first month and then declining to 51% at the semester’s end.

We can learn much from the patterns of ADHD medication adherence in college students reported by Gray et al. Although one might assume that adherence rates would improve during the finals period at the semester’s end given that it is a time of high academic stakes, the decreased treatment adherence at the semester’s end may be related to students’ lack of fixed demands and regularly scheduled classes during this part of the academic calendar. Indeed, the primary reasons participants in Gray et al’s study gave for missing ADHD medication doses during final exams included “forgetfulness, waking up too late, and not having schoolwork or class.” These findings remind us that following a fixed routine is an important—although difficult to accomplish--anchor for individuals with ADHD. To address difficulties with organization and adhering to a set routine experienced by college students with ADHD, Gray and colleagues underscore the importance of providing anticipatory guidance to families of college-bound youth with ADHD, and provide the reader with some excellent clinical tips and resources (see article’s Discussion section).

Suboptimal stimulant medication adherence in college students also highlights an important and growing danger – misuse and diversion12 of stimulants (e.g., “sharing” leftover pills). As such, the findings by Gray and colleagues highlight our responsibility as clinicians to educate patients about the legal ramifications of providing one’s medications to others and to discuss ways to deal with pressure to “share” medications. Since short-acting stimulants are more likely than long-acting formulations to be misused,13 clinicians are also advised to avoid prescribing immediate release stimulants to adolescents14 and college students.15 Surprisingly, however, only 18% of Gray et al’s study sample was prescribed extended release stimulants, while 82% were taking immediate release, illustrating the need for more provider education, quality improvement efforts, and advocacy regarding availability of long-acting generic stimulants at equivalent prices to short acting formulations. The crisis of ADHD medication diversion on college campuses should also serve as a call to action for the medical community to consider the risks and benefits of prescribing stimulant medications to this age group. Of note, we must ask ourselves how much is truly known about the benefits of prescribing stimulants to college students, as research on ADHD medication efficacy in college students is extremely limited.16, 17 Although one randomized controlled trial in college students showed a link between stimulant medication treatment and reduced ADHD symptoms as well as improved executive functioning,17 uncontrolled studies showed no significant differences in college GPA18 or adjustment to college (in terms of academic concerns, social satisfaction, or alcohol/drug use)19 for college students with ADHD who were treated versus not treated with medications. Clearly, there is much we still need to learn to optimize treatment and outcomes for college students with ADHD, and Gray et al’s study is a welcome addition to the scant available literature.

由于人们越来越认识到 ADHD 作为一种影响个人一生的疾病,大学生 ADHD 的诊断和治疗率正在上升,目前的估计表明 2-8% 的美国大学生患有 ADHD。1 尽管之前的研究 大多数患有 ADHD 的儿童和青少年的治疗连续性较差,2-8 令人惊讶的是,人们对大学生 ADHD 药物依从率或模式知之甚少。 治疗依从性差可能会对患有 ADHD 的大学生造成特别可怕的后果,因为他们面临学业成绩不佳和大学毕业率较低的风险。 9, 10 因此,大学生 ADHD 药物依从性是 Gray 及其同事在本研究中调查的一个重要研究领域。 发育和行为儿科杂志 11 期

Gray 等人使用电子监控来检查 51 名本科生在整个学期(例如,在四个时间点,每个时间点相隔约一个月)的 ADHD 药物依从性轨迹,包括比较新生和返校高年级学生的依从性模式。 Gray 和同事发现,平均而言,整个样本仅遵守了 53% 的处方药物剂量。 然而,新生和返校学生之间存在显着差异,新生的遵守率在所有时间点都低于高年级学生。 正如作者指出的那样,这并不意外,因为高年级学生(与新生不同)有一年或更长时间的时间来适应自己管理多动症药物。 此外,高年级学生样本可能存在选择效应,因为很可能只有那些在新生时成功控制多动症的学生才能继续大学的后续几年。 更令人惊讶的是整个学期的依从性轨迹,这是新生和返校学生的共同模式:依从性从学期开始增加到第一个月末达到顶峰,然后在第二个月下降。 学期结束。 具体来说,新生在学期开始时平均遵守规定剂量的 34%,第一个月末的遵守率增加到 52%,然后在学期结束时下降到 44%。 高年级学生最初遵守处方剂量的比例为 68%,第一个月末的遵守率增加到 77%,然后在学期结束时下降到 51%。

我们可以从 Gray 等人报告的大学生 ADHD 药物依从性模式中学到很多东西。 尽管人们可能认为学期末期末考试期间的坚持率会提高,因为这是一个学术风险较高的时期,但学期末治疗坚持率的下降可能与学生缺乏固定要求和定期安排的课程有关 在学术日历的这一部分期间。 事实上,格雷等人的研究中,参与者在期末考试期间错过多动症药物剂量的主要原因包括“健忘、起得太晚、没有做作业或上课”。 这些发现提醒我们,对于多动症患者来说,遵循固定的作息习惯是一个重要的——尽管很难实现——的锚。 为了解决患有多动症的大学生在组织和遵守既定惯例方面遇到的困难,格雷和同事强调了为患有多动症的大学生家庭提供预期指导的重要性,并为读者提供了一些优秀的临床技巧和资源( 请参阅文章的讨论部分)。

大学生对兴奋剂药物的依从性不佳也凸显了一个重要且日益严重的危险——兴奋剂的滥用和转移12(例如,“分享”剩余的药片)。 因此,格雷和同事的研究结果强调了我们作为临床医生的责任,即教育患者了解向他人提供药物的法律后果,并讨论应对“共享”药物压力的方法。 由于短效兴奋剂比长效制剂更容易被滥用,13 还建议临床医生避免向青少年 14 和大学生开立 即释兴奋剂。 15 然而,令人惊讶的是,Gray 等人的研究样本中只有 18% 被开出处方。 缓释兴奋剂,而 82% 立即释放,这说明需要对提供者进行更多的教育、质量改进工作,并宣传以与短效制剂同等的价格提供长效仿制药兴奋剂。 大学校园多动症药物转移的危机也应该呼吁医学界采取行动,考虑向这个年龄段开兴奋剂药物的风险和益处。 值得注意的是,我们必须问自己,对于给大学生开兴奋剂的好处,我们真正了解多少,因为对多动症医学的研究
 

Due to increased awareness of ADHD as a condition affecting individuals across the lifespan, the rate of ADHD diagnosis and treatment in college students is on the rise, with current estimates suggesting that 2–8% of U.S. college students have ADHD.1 Although prior studies have shown poor continuity of treatment for most children and adolescents with ADHD,28 surprisingly little is known about ADHD medication adherence rates or patterns in college students. Poor treatment adherence may have especially dire consequences for university students with ADHD given their risk for deficient academic performance and lower college graduation rates.9, 10 Therefore, ADHD medication adherence in college students is an important area for study which Gray and colleagues investigate in this issue of the Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics.11

Gray et al use electronic monitoring to examine trajectories of ADHD medication adherence across an academic semester (e.g., at four time points, each approximately one month apart) in 51 undergraduate students, including comparing adherence patterns in freshmen to returning upperclassmen. On average, Gray and colleagues found that the sample as a whole adhered to only 53% of prescribed medication doses. However, there were striking differences between incoming and returning students, with freshmen having lower adherence rates compared to upperclassmen at all time points. As the authors point out, this is not unexpected, given that upperclassmen – unlike freshmen - have had a year or more to adjust to managing their ADHD medications on their own. In addition, there may have been a selection effect for the upperclassmen sample, as it is likely that only those students who successfully manage their ADHD as freshmen continue with subsequent years of college. What is more surprising is the characteristic adherence trajectory over the course of the semester, a pattern common to both the incoming and returning students: adherence increased from the beginning of the semester to peak at the end of the first month, and then declined at the semester’s end. Specifically, freshmen adhered to an average of 34% of prescribed doses at the semester’s start, with adherence increasing to 52% at the end of the first month and then decreasing to 44% at the semester’s end. Upperclassmen had initial adherence rates of 68% of prescribed doses, with adherence increasing to 77% at the end of the first month and then declining to 51% at the semester’s end.

We can learn much from the patterns of ADHD medication adherence in college students reported by Gray et al. Although one might assume that adherence rates would improve during the finals period at the semester’s end given that it is a time of high academic stakes, the decreased treatment adherence at the semester’s end may be related to students’ lack of fixed demands and regularly scheduled classes during this part of the academic calendar. Indeed, the primary reasons participants in Gray et al’s study gave for missing ADHD medication doses during final exams included “forgetfulness, waking up too late, and not having schoolwork or class.” These findings remind us that following a fixed routine is an important—although difficult to accomplish--anchor for individuals with ADHD. To address difficulties with organization and adhering to a set routine experienced by college students with ADHD, Gray and colleagues underscore the importance of providing anticipatory guidance to families of college-bound youth with ADHD, and provide the reader with some excellent clinical tips and resources (see article’s Discussion section).

Suboptimal stimulant medication adherence in college students also highlights an important and growing danger – misuse and diversion12 of stimulants (e.g., “sharing” leftover pills). As such, the findings by Gray and colleagues highlight our responsibility as clinicians to educate patients about the legal ramifications of providing one’s medications to others and to discuss ways to deal with pressure to “share” medications. Since short-acting stimulants are more likely than long-acting formulations to be misused,13 clinicians are also advised to avoid prescribing immediate release stimulants to adolescents14 and college students.15 Surprisingly, however, only 18% of Gray et al’s study sample was prescribed extended release stimulants, while 82% were taking immediate release, illustrating the need for more provider education, quality improvement efforts, and advocacy regarding availability of long-acting generic stimulants at equivalent prices to short acting formulations. The crisis of ADHD medication diversion on college campuses should also serve as a call to action for the medical community to consider the risks and benefits of prescribing stimulant medications to this age group. Of note, we must ask ourselves how much is truly known about the benefits of prescribing stimulants to college students, as research on ADHD medication efficacy in college students is extremely limited.16, 17 Although one randomized controlled trial in college students showed a link between stimulant medication treatment and reduced ADHD symptoms as well as improved executive functioning,17 uncontrolled studies showed no significant differences in college GPA18 or adjustment to college (in terms of academic concerns, social satisfaction, or alcohol/drug use)19 for college students with ADHD who were treated versus not treated with medications. Clearly, there is much we still need to learn to optimize treatment and outcomes for college students with ADHD, and Gray et al’s study is a welcome addition to the scant available literature.

由于人们越来越认识到 ADHD 作为一种影响个人一生的疾病,大学生 ADHD 的诊断和治疗率正在上升,目前的估计表明 2-8% 的美国大学生患有 ADHD。1 尽管之前的研究 大多数患有 ADHD 的儿童和青少年的治疗连续性较差,2-8 令人惊讶的是,人们对大学生 ADHD 药物依从率或模式知之甚少。 治疗依从性差可能会对患有 ADHD 的大学生造成特别可怕的后果,因为他们面临学业成绩不佳和大学毕业率较低的风险。 9, 10 因此,大学生 ADHD 药物依从性是 Gray 及其同事在本研究中调查的一个重要研究领域。 发育和行为儿科杂志 11 期

Gray 等人使用电子监控来检查 51 名本科生在整个学期(例如,在四个时间点,每个时间点相隔约一个月)的 ADHD 药物依从性轨迹,包括比较新生和返校高年级学生的依从性模式。 Gray 和同事发现,平均而言,整个样本仅遵守了 53% 的处方药物剂量。 然而,新生和返校学生之间存在显着差异,新生的遵守率在所有时间点都低于高年级学生。 正如作者指出的那样,这并不意外,因为高年级学生(与新生不同)有一年或更长时间的时间来适应自己管理多动症药物。 此外,高年级学生样本可能存在选择效应,因为很可能只有那些在新生时成功控制多动症的学生才能继续大学的后续几年。 更令人惊讶的是整个学期的依从性轨迹,这是新生和返校学生的共同模式:依从性从学期开始增加到第一个月末达到顶峰,然后在第二个月下降。 学期结束。 具体来说,新生在学期开始时平均遵守规定剂量的 34%,第一个月末的遵守率增加到 52%,然后在学期结束时下降到 44%。 高年级学生最初遵守处方剂量的比例为 68%,第一个月末的遵守率增加到 77%,然后在学期结束时下降到 51%。

我们可以从 Gray 等人报告的大学生 ADHD 药物依从性模式中学到很多东西。 尽管人们可能认为学期末期末考试期间的坚持率会提高,因为这是一个学术风险较高的时期,但学期末治疗坚持率的下降可能与学生缺乏固定要求和定期安排的课程有关 在学术日历的这一部分期间。 事实上,格雷等人的研究中,参与者在期末考试期间错过多动症药物剂量的主要原因包括“健忘、起得太晚、没有做作业或上课”。 这些发现提醒我们,对于多动症患者来说,遵循固定的作息习惯是一个重要的——尽管很难实现——的锚。 为了解决患有多动症的大学生在组织和遵守既定惯例方面遇到的困难,格雷和同事强调了为患有多动症的大学生家庭提供预期指导的重要性,并为读者提供了一些优秀的临床技巧和资源( 请参阅文章的讨论部分)。

大学生对兴奋剂药物的依从性不佳也凸显了一个重要且日益严重的危险——兴奋剂的滥用和转移12(例如,“分享”剩余的药片)。 因此,格雷和同事的研究结果强调了我们作为临床医生的责任,即教育患者了解向他人提供药物的法律后果,并讨论应对“共享”药物压力的方法。 由于短效兴奋剂比长效制剂更容易被滥用,13 还建议临床医生避免向青少年 14 和大学生开立 即释兴奋剂。 15 然而,令人惊讶的是,Gray 等人的研究样本中只有 18% 被开出处方。 缓释兴奋剂,而 82% 立即释放,这说明需要对提供者进行更多的教育、质量改进工作,并宣传以与短效制剂同等的价格提供长效仿制药兴奋剂。 大学校园多动症药物转移的危机也应该呼吁医学界采取行动,考虑向这个年龄段开兴奋剂药物的风险和益处。 值得注意的是,我们必须问自己,对于给大学生开兴奋剂的好处,我们真正了解多少,因为对多动症医学的研究

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英文详细的资料

Adderall Addiction And Abuse​

Adderall abuse is a growing concern in the United States. High school and college students are among the drug’s most frequent abusers.

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Addiction To Adderall​

Adderall is an addictive prescription Stimulant with effects similar to Meth. Because of its potency and accessibility, the risk of Adderall addiction and abuse is high.
Although not everyone who uses Adderall will develop an addiction, people regularly taking Adderall at unprescribed doses are at an elevated risk of becoming addicted.
Over time, those habitually using Adderall develop a tolerance to the drug and are unable to function normally without it.

Adderall works by increasing dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the central nervous system (CNS). Norepinephrine affects how the brain responds to events, particularly how it pays attention and the speed with which it reacts to outside stimuli. Dopamine, the body’s “feel-good” chemical, creates a rewarding effect. Although dopamine occurs naturally, drugs like Adderall produce unnaturally high levels of it. This can cause users to come back for more.
The brain of an addicted person is dependent on Adderall to stimulate alertness and productivity. Without Adderall, addicted people often feel tired and mentally foggy. These are symptoms of Adderall withdrawal, a strong sign of an addiction.
Common signs of an Adderall addiction include:
  • Needing larger doses to feel the drug’s effects
  • Wanting to cut down on use but not having the ability to do so
  • Taking the drug despite knowledge of the harm it’s causing
  • Not being able to finish work without Adderall
  • Spending a lot of time and money getting, using, and recovering from the drug
  • Being unable to feel alert without the drug
  • Neglecting other activities in favor of using Adderall
  • Suffering withdrawal symptoms when not using Adderall
No one intends to become addicted to Adderall. Usually, the problem starts as a way of increasing productivity on a stressful day at work or studying for an important test. Some people even fake the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to get their own prescription for the drug.
Uninsured, I chose to pay hundreds for a refill instead of buying groceries. I’d consume far more than my allocated dose, then spend sleepless nights tossing and turning, my mind racing and heart pounding, only to wake up and take another pill with a coffee to compensate.
- Writer and former Adderall addict Kate Miller, New York Times, 2013
The withdrawal symptoms caused by Adderall addiction make it hard for users to quit on their own. These withdrawal symptoms can seem unbearable for some. Getting the help of a therapist or treatment center increases the chances of successfully quitting.

Adderall Dependence Vs. Adderall Addiction​

An Adderall dependency is a natural, expected physiological response to the drug. The individual has a physical dependence due to the interaction of the chemicals in the body (even if taken as prescribed) but not a psychological dependence where they are abusing the medication to reach a “high.” They may require assistance from their doctor to get off the medication due to the way the chemicals affect the brain; however, they are not mentally obsessing over or craving Adderall.
An Adderall addiction refers to a person’s physical and/or psychological reliance on Adderall along with a specific set of behaviors. These individuals are usually unable to cope when they stop taking Adderall and will go to any length to obtain more of the medication. Use of the drug becomes the main priority of the individual. They often run out of their prescription early due to taking more than prescribed, leaving them in withdrawal from the substance, which results in going to any length to obtain more of the substance. Obsessive thoughts about Adderall and cravings are also indicators of addictive behavior.
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Understanding Adderall (Prescription Amphetamines)​

Adderall, a potent CNS Stimulant, is the most commonly prescribed Amphetamine. It is a Schedule II controlled substance because of its strong addictive potential.
Doctors prescribe Adderall to treat narcolepsy and ADHD. While it decreases fatigue in narcoleptic patients, it has the opposite effect in those with ADHD.
Adderall comes as a tablet to be ingested orally, with doses ranging from 5 to 30 milligrams. Some people looking for immediate effects may crush up their tablets and snort their Adderall. Street names for Adderall include Speed, Uppers, Black Beauties, Addys, and Pep Pills.

Adderall Effects And Abuse​

Many people mistakenly believe Adderall is “safe” because it is prescribed by doctors. However, continued abuse of Adderall can lead to long-term side effects and an addiction that can be hard to break.
People abuse Adderall because it produces feelings of confidence, euphoria, increased concentration, and a suppressed appetite. These effects make Adderall a go-to choice for anyone looking for a boost in physical or mental performance.
Taking Adderall without a prescription, or in a way not directed by a doctor, is considered abuse. This includes snorting Adderall pills or taking over large doses to get a stronger effect.
Adderall is abused for many purposes, including:
  • Weight loss
  • Studying
  • Athletic performance
  • Staying awake
Although people tend to associate Adderall abuse with high school and college students, many older people also use the drug. Most people who have received treatment for an Adderall addiction started taking it when they were approximately 23, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

Who Abuses Adderall?​

  • Students and professionals​

    Adderall’s ability to help users focus and stay awake for longer than normal makes it attractive to students and working professionals facing ever-increasing demands at school and work. College students in particular make up a significant population of those abusing Adderall.
  • Athletes​

    Athletes may abuse Adderall to counter fatigue and enhance performance during practice and in competition. In 2012, Adderall abuse contributed to a record-breaking year of drug-related suspensions in the National Football League.
  • People with eating disorders​

    People struggling with eating disorders may abuse Adderall because it suppresses the appetite. If someone with an eating disorder becomes addicted to Adderall, they will often require treatment that addresses both issues simultaneously.
Adderall abuse can cause severe health-related problems, including potentially lethal overdose.
Signs of an Adderall overdose may include:
  • Chest pain
  • Nausea or vomiting
  • Fast breathing
  • Uncontrollable shaking
  • Fainting
  • Fever
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Common Drug Combinations​

There are several reasons for combining Adderall with other drugs. Some users may do this in an attempt to enhance the effects of Adderall. Some may even take a drug to relax if Adderall is preventing them from sleeping. No matter the reason, mixing Adderall with other drugs increases the risks of overdose and complications such as cardiac arrest.
In 2009, 67 percent of people admitted to an emergency room for complications with prescription Stimulants like Adderall also had other drugs in their system.
Some drugs commonly combined with Adderall include:
The chance of getting alcohol poisoning is higher for people taking Adderall. This is because the alertness Adderall produces can mask the effects of severe alcohol intoxication. Someone on Adderall might not realize how much they have drunk and end up with alcohol poisoning.
Studies have also shown that students using Adderall are more likely to abuse alcohol, Marijuana, and Cocaine.

Adderall Addiction And Abuse Statistics​

16
million
Almost 16 million prescriptions for Stimulants like Adderall were written in 2012, approximately triple the amount written in 2008.

116K+
users in rehab
In 2012, over 116,000 people were admitted to rehab for an addiction to Amphetamines like Adderall.

2x
as likely
Full-time college students are twice as likely to abuse Adderall than their peers who aren’t in college.

Don’t Wait, Get Help Now​

The longer you have been abusing Adderall, the stronger your addiction can become. The withdrawal symptoms that start shortly after quitting can make it hard to stop on your own. There are many options available for treating this addiction, such as therapy and outpatient rehab. Contact a treatment provider to find Adderall addiction treatment today.
 

对阿得拉上瘾​

Adderall 是一种成瘾性处方兴奋剂,其效果与冰毒相似。由于其效力强且容易获得,Adderall 成瘾和滥用的风险很高。

虽然并非所有服用 Adderall 的人都会上瘾,但经常以非处方剂量服用 Adderall 的人上瘾的风险较高。

随着时间的推移,那些习惯性使用 Adderall 的人会对这种药物产生耐受性,并且没有它就无法正常生活。


Adderall 的作用原理是增加中枢神经系统 (CNS) 中的多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素水平。去甲肾上腺素会影响大脑对事件的反应,尤其是大脑的注意力和对外界刺激的反应速度。多巴胺是人体的“感觉良好”化学物质,会产生一种奖励效应。尽管多巴胺是自然产生的,但 Adderall 等药物会产生异常高水平的多巴胺。这可能会导致使用者反复服用更多药物。

成瘾者的大脑依赖 Adderall 来刺激警觉性和生产力。没有 Adderall,成瘾者经常感到疲倦和精神恍惚。这些都是Adderall 戒断症状,是成瘾的明显迹象。

Adderall 成瘾的常见症状包括:

  • 需要更大剂量才能感受到药物的效果
  • 想要减少使用量,但没有能力做到
  • 尽管知道药物的危害,仍服用该药物
  • 没有阿德拉就无法完成工作
  • 花费大量时间和金钱获取、使用和戒除毒品
  • 不服药就无法保持警觉
  • 为了服用 Adderall 而忽视其他活动
  • 不使用 Adderall 时会出现戒断症状
没有人会有意对 Adderall 上瘾。通常,问题始于一种在工作压力大的日子里提高效率或为重要考试做准备的方式。有些人甚至假装患有注意力缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 的症状,以便自己获得药物处方。

由于没有保险,我选择花几百美元买药,而不是去买日用品。我吃的药量远远超过我分配的剂量,然后彻夜难眠,辗转反侧,心跳加速,醒来后只能再吃一片药,喝杯咖啡来补偿。
- 作家、前 Adderall 瘾君子 Kate Miller,《纽约时报》,2013 年
Adderall 成瘾引起的戒断症状使用户很难自行戒除。这些戒断症状对某些人来说似乎难以忍受。寻求治疗师或治疗中心的帮助会增加成功戒除的机会。

阿德拉依赖与阿德拉成瘾​

Adderall 依赖性是对药物的一种自然、预期的生理反应。由于化学物质在体内的相互作用(即使按处方服用),患者会产生身体依赖性,但不会形成心理依赖性,即滥用药物以达到“兴奋”状态。由于化学物质对大脑的影响,患者可能需要医生的帮助才能戒掉药物;但是,患者不会在精神上沉迷于 Adderall 或渴望服用它。

Adderall 成瘾是指一个人对 Adderall 产生生理和/或心理依赖,并伴有一系列特定行为。这些人通常在停止服用 Adderall 后无法应对,会不择手段地获得更多药物。使用该药物成为个人的主要优先事项。他们经常因服用量超过规定剂量而提前用完处方药,从而导致他们戒断该药物,这会导致他们不择手段地获得更多药物。对 Adderall 的强迫性想法和渴望也是成瘾行为的指标。

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了解阿德拉(处方安非他明)​

Adderall 是一种强效的中枢神经兴奋剂,也是最常用的安非他明处方药。由于其极强的成瘾性,它属于第二类管制药物。

医生开阿德拉来治疗嗜睡症和注意力缺陷多动症。它能减轻嗜睡症患者的疲劳,但对注意力缺陷多动症患者却有相反的效果。
Adderall 是一种口服药片,剂量为 5 至 30 毫克。一些想要立即见效的人可能会将药片碾碎然后吸食 Adderall。Adderall 的市售名称包括 Speed、Uppers、Black Beauties、Addys 和 Pep Pills。

Adderall 的效果和滥用​

许多人误以为 Adderall 是“安全的”,因为它是由医生开的。然而,持续滥用 Adderall 会导致长期副作用和难以戒除的成瘾。

人们滥用 Adderall 是因为它会产生自信、欣快感、注意力提高和食欲抑制的感觉。这些效果使 Adderall 成为任何想要提高身体或精神表现的人的首选。

未经处方或未按照医生指示服用 Adderall 均视为滥用。这包括吸食 Adderall 药丸或服用大剂量以获得更强的药效。

Adderall 被滥用于多种用途,包括:

  • 体重减轻
  • 学习
  • 运动表现
  • 保持清醒
尽管人们倾向于将 Adderall 滥用与高中生和大学生联系起来,但许多老年人也使用这种药物。根据《精神障碍诊断和统计手册》 ,大多数接受过 Adderall 成瘾治疗的人在大约 23 岁时开始服用这种药物。

哪些人滥用 Adderall?​

  • 学生和专业人士​

    Adderall 能够帮助使用者集中注意力,比平常更长时间保持清醒,因此对面临日益繁重的学业和工作压力的学生和职场人士来说很有吸引力。滥用 Adderall 的人群中,大学生尤其占很大比例。
  • 运动员​

    运动员可能会滥用阿德拉来对抗疲劳,提高训练和比赛期间的表现。2012 年,阿德拉滥用导致国家橄榄球联盟因药物相关原因被禁赛的次数创下历史新高。
  • 饮食失调人士​

    患有饮食失调症的人可能会滥用 Adderall,因为它会抑制食欲。如果患有饮食失调症的人对 Adderall 上瘾,他们通常需要同时治疗这两个问题。
滥用阿得拉会导致严重的健康问题,包括可能致命的过量服用。

Adderall 过量服用的症状可能包括:

  • 胸痛
  • 恶心或呕吐
  • 呼吸急促
  • 无法控制的颤抖
  • 昏厥
  • 发烧
治疗提供者与许多保险公司合作,包括:
保险标志
保险标志
保险标志
保险标志
保险标志
保险标志
检查我的保险是否涵盖康复

成瘾中心不隶属于任何保险公司。

常见药物组合​

将 Adderall 与其他药物混合使用有多种原因。一些用户可能这样做是为了增强 Adderall 的效果。如果 Adderall 妨碍他们入睡,有些人甚至可能服用药物来放松。无论出于何种原因,将 Adderall 与其他药物混合使用都会增加过量服用和心脏骤停等并发症的风险。

2009年,67%的人因为处方兴奋剂(如 Adderall)出现并发症而被送入急诊室,他们的体内还含有其他药物。

一些常与阿德拉联合使用的药物包括:

服用 Adderall 的人酒精中毒的几率更高。这是因为 Adderall 产生的警觉性可以掩盖严重酒精中毒的影响。服用 Adderall 的人可能没有意识到自己喝了多少酒,最终导致酒精中毒。

研究还表明,服用 Adderall 的学生更有可能滥用酒精、大麻和可卡因。

Adderall 成瘾和滥用统计​

16
百万
2012 年共开出了近 1600 万张 Adderall 等兴奋剂处方,大约是 2008 年开出的处方数量的三倍。

116K+
康复中的用户
2012 年,有超过 116,000 人因对 Adderall 等安非他明类药物上瘾而进入康复中心。

2x
很可能
全日制大学生滥用 Adderall 的可能性比非大学同学高出两倍。

不要等待,立即获得帮助​

滥用 Adderall 的时间越长,成瘾性就越强。戒毒后不久出现的戒断症状可能让您很难自行戒除。治疗这种成瘾的方法有很多,例如治疗和门诊康复。立即联系治疗提供者以找到 Adderall 成瘾治疗。
 
Adderall 成瘾的常见症状包括:

  • 需要更大剂量才能感受到药物的效果
  • 想要减少使用量,但没有能力做到
  • 尽管知道药物的危害,仍服用该药物
  • 没有阿德拉就无法完成工作
  • 花费大量时间和金钱获取、使用和戒除毒品
  • 不服药就无法保持警觉
  • 为了服用 Adderall 而忽视其他活动
  • 不使用 Adderall 时会出现戒断症状
 
我大概明白为什么医生这个职业, 为啥死的早了, 为啥早早退休了, 年轻时估计就各种的神药加持.

之后家庭医生忙起来更是不会戒断. 脑子慢慢被镀金
 
西方医学公认是最难的求学之路. 看来毕业以后, 医生不可靠的可能性极大啊.
 
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