计算机牛人大全 (根据网上搜来的资料整理）
- 主题发起人 heureux
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我觉得这一点很值得商榷。
计算机说到底，是门应用科学。。。那些新技术的推手，商业上的骄骄者，比如乔布斯，的贡献同样不可忽视。
没有否认图灵和冯诺依曼贡献的意思...
听过Dennis Ritchie和Dr Moore的报告，顺便小吹一下:blowzy:
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13。 复印机后面的大牛
Chester Carlson
In this 1965 photo, Carlson enacts his 1938 experiment in which he wrote "10-22-38 ASTORIA" with india ink on a glass slide. The room was darkened and a zinc plate, covered with sulphur, was rubbed vigorously with a handkerchief to apply an electrostatic charge. He put the slide on the plate, exposed it to light for a few seconds, removed the slide and sprinkled lycopodium powder on the plate. He gently blew off the loose powder and what remained was the first electrophotographic copy. After Xerox became very successful, Carlson was showered with honors and wealth. In 1968, he died of a stroke on a New York street after having left a fortune to charities.
Chester Carlson
In this 1965 photo, Carlson enacts his 1938 experiment in which he wrote "10-22-38 ASTORIA" with india ink on a glass slide. The room was darkened and a zinc plate, covered with sulphur, was rubbed vigorously with a handkerchief to apply an electrostatic charge. He put the slide on the plate, exposed it to light for a few seconds, removed the slide and sprinkled lycopodium powder on the plate. He gently blew off the loose powder and what remained was the first electrophotographic copy. After Xerox became very successful, Carlson was showered with honors and wealth. In 1968, he died of a stroke on a New York street after having left a fortune to charities.
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15. Vinton Cerf - 因特网之父 (牛，真牛)
IP on Everything
Vinton Cerf, who is currently Chairman of the Board of ICANN, was often called the "Father of the Internet." A while back, he printed "IP on Everything" on a T-shirt and wore it under his regular shirt to a conference. Meant as a tongue-in-cheek forecast of the future, IP has indeed turned the telecommunications industry upside down. Since the mid-1990s, we've been trying to turn the Internet into a global communications system. However, until the Internet's infrastructure can handle quality of service (QoS), which allows traffic to be prioritized, it cannot support voice and video like a dedicated telephone connection. Reducing the costs of a phone call to zero might justify the jerks and blips, but for routine communications, we still want to "hear a pin drop."
What makes the Internet most attractive is that, once upgraded for QoS, all future innovations come at the edge of the network. In contrast to the public switched telephone network, which must be reprogrammed for each type of new service that is offered, all that is necessary to launch an Internet service is to install the software in the servers, add the client piece to the user's machine and let 'er rip. If it works, more users put the software in their PCs, and another Netscape is born. If not, the Internet keeps on transporting the bits and bytes, and nobody knows any different (see dumb network). What's more, the packet switching nature of IP maximizes every microsecond of bandwidth. Circuit-switched voice does not. Half the time, only one person is talking, and pauses between speech go wasted on dedicated circuits.
IP has become the latest religion of the telecom industry, not only by the newer carriers, such as Quest and Level 3, but AT&T, WorldCom and all the incumbents. Every telecom carrier has integrated IP to some degree in order to provide converged voice and data services. The major carriers control their own Internet backbones and can implement voice over IP with the telephone quality people expect. In 2001, Sprint was the first carrier to announce that it would convert its entire voice network to IP. In its first phase, which begins in 2003 and ends in 2006, Sprint is expected to convert more than three million phone lines to packet technology.
The Internet, underscored by IP, has not only affected every business, information systems department and software publisher, but it has changed world communications forever. See IP telephony.
Tongue-in-cheek and Right On
Vinton Cerf, often called the "Father of the Internet," is a true visionary. His tongue-in-cheek T-shirt says it all. IP is indeed on almost every system these days. Or, perhaps, one should say that "everything is on IP," but then the T-shirt wouldn't be fun.
IP on Everything
Vinton Cerf, who is currently Chairman of the Board of ICANN, was often called the "Father of the Internet." A while back, he printed "IP on Everything" on a T-shirt and wore it under his regular shirt to a conference. Meant as a tongue-in-cheek forecast of the future, IP has indeed turned the telecommunications industry upside down. Since the mid-1990s, we've been trying to turn the Internet into a global communications system. However, until the Internet's infrastructure can handle quality of service (QoS), which allows traffic to be prioritized, it cannot support voice and video like a dedicated telephone connection. Reducing the costs of a phone call to zero might justify the jerks and blips, but for routine communications, we still want to "hear a pin drop."
What makes the Internet most attractive is that, once upgraded for QoS, all future innovations come at the edge of the network. In contrast to the public switched telephone network, which must be reprogrammed for each type of new service that is offered, all that is necessary to launch an Internet service is to install the software in the servers, add the client piece to the user's machine and let 'er rip. If it works, more users put the software in their PCs, and another Netscape is born. If not, the Internet keeps on transporting the bits and bytes, and nobody knows any different (see dumb network). What's more, the packet switching nature of IP maximizes every microsecond of bandwidth. Circuit-switched voice does not. Half the time, only one person is talking, and pauses between speech go wasted on dedicated circuits.
IP has become the latest religion of the telecom industry, not only by the newer carriers, such as Quest and Level 3, but AT&T, WorldCom and all the incumbents. Every telecom carrier has integrated IP to some degree in order to provide converged voice and data services. The major carriers control their own Internet backbones and can implement voice over IP with the telephone quality people expect. In 2001, Sprint was the first carrier to announce that it would convert its entire voice network to IP. In its first phase, which begins in 2003 and ends in 2006, Sprint is expected to convert more than three million phone lines to packet technology.
The Internet, underscored by IP, has not only affected every business, information systems department and software publisher, but it has changed world communications forever. See IP telephony.
Tongue-in-cheek and Right On
Vinton Cerf, often called the "Father of the Internet," is a true visionary. His tongue-in-cheek T-shirt says it all. IP is indeed on almost every system these days. Or, perhaps, one should say that "everything is on IP," but then the T-shirt wouldn't be fun.
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16. 神童 Andreesen
还是大学生的他做出了世界上第一窗口游览器MOSAIC。他的工作是使因特网进入千家万户的第一大步。
Internet Pioneers
Beginnings at the University of Illinois
Marc Andreesen was a student and part-time assistant at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois when the World Wide Web began to take off. His position at NCSA allowed him to become very familiar with the Internet. Like just about everyone else who was involved with the Internet, he also became familiar with the Web. Most of the browsers available then were for Unix machines which were expensive. This meant that the Web was mostly used by academics and engineers who had access to such machines. The user-interfaces of available browsers also tended to be not very user-friendly, which also hindered the spread of the Web. Marc decided to develop a browser that was easier to use and more graphically rich.
In 1992, Andreesen recruited fellow NCSA employee, Eric Bina, to help with his project. The two worked tirelessly. Bina remembers that they would 'work three to four days straight, then crash for about a day' (Reid, 7). They called their new browser Mosaic. It was much more sophisticated graphically than other browsers of the time. Like other browsers it was designed to display HTML documents, but new formatting tags like "center" were included.
Especially important was the inclusion of the "image" tag which allowed to include images on web pages. Earlier browsers allowed the viewing of pictures, but only as separate files. Mosaic made it possible for images and text to appear on the same page. Mosaic also sported a graphical interface with clickable buttons that let users navigate easily and controls that let users scroll through text with ease. Another innovative feature was the hyper-link. In earlier browsers hypertext links had reference numbers that the user typed in to navigate to the linked document. Hyper-links allowed the user to simply click on a link to retrieve a document.
In early 1993, Mosaic was posted for download on NCSA's servers. It was immediately popular. Within weeks tens of thousands of people had downloaded the software. The original version was for Unix. Andreesen and Bina quickly put together a team to develop PC and Mac versions, which were released in the late spring of the same year. With Mosaic now available for more popular platforms, its popularity skyrocketed. More users meant a bigger Web audience. The bigger audiences spurred the creation of new content, which in turn further increased the audience on the Web and so on. As the number of users on the Web increased, the browser of choice was Mosaic so its distribution increased accordingly.
By December 1993, Mosaic's growth was so great that it made the front page of the New York Times business section. The article concluded that Mosaic was perhaps "an application program so different and so obviously useful that it can create a new industry from scratch" (Reid, 17). NCSA administrators were quoted in the article, but there was no mention of either Andreesen or Bina. Marc realized that when he was through with his studies NCSA would take over Mosaic for themselves. So when he graduated in December 1993, he left and moved to Silicon Valley in California.
Netscape
Andreesen settled in Palo Alto, and soon met Jim Clark. Clark had founded Silicon Graphics, Inc. He had money and connections. The two began talking about a possible new start-up company. Others were brought into the discussions and it was decided that they would start an Internet company. Marc contacted old friends still working for NCSA and enticed a group of them to come be the engineering team for the new company. In mid-1994, Mosaic Communications Corp. was officially incorporated in Mountain View, California. Andreesen became the Vice President of Technology of the new company.
The new team's mandate was to create a product to surpass the original Mosaic. They had to start from scratch. The original had been created on university time with university money and so belonged exclusively to the university. The team worked furiously. One employee recalls, " a lot of times, people were there straight forty-eight hours, just coding. I've never seen anything like it, in terms of honest-to-God, no BS, human endurance, to sit in front of a monitor and program. But they were driven by this vision [of beating the original Mosaic]" (Reid, 27).
The new product would need a name. Eventually, the name Netscape was adopted. It would also need a price structure. At first, a plan to charge $99 for the browser, $5,000 for the basic server, and $25,000 for the commercial server (which included Secure Socket Layer Technology, or SSL, and could encrypt sensitive information such as credit card numbers) was considered. It was then decided to charge $1,500 for the baseline server and $5,000 for the commercial server.
Pricing for the browser was a complex question. Andreesen and others new that the key to success would be making Netscape ubiquitous on the Web. Andreesen recalls:
"That was the way to get the company jump-started, because that just gives you essentially a broad platform to build off of. It's basically a Microsoft lesson, right? If you get ubiquity, you have a lot of options, a lot of ways to benefit from that. You can get paid by the product you are ubiquitous on, but you can also get paid on products that benefit as a result. One of the fundamental lessons is that market share now equals revenue later, and if you don't have market share now, you are not going to have revenue later. Another fundamental lesson is that whoever gets the volume does win in the end. Just plain wins." (Reid, 31).
They decided to adopt a "free but not free" price structure for the browser. It would be free for students and educators; $39 for everybody else. In reality, nearly everyone had free access when Netscape was released. Beta versions were available for free, and new beta versions came out often. The current versions could also be downloaded and tried for free for 90 days. The trial period was never really enforced, however, and so many got Netscape for free that way. There was also a version that consumers could mail order which provided some income. Andreesen and the others did not worry so much about making money selling the browser. If everyone was using it, they could make money in other ways such as selling advertising on their home page.
On October 13, 1994, Mosaic Netscape was posted for download on the Internet. Within weeks it was the browser of choice for the majority of Web users. It included new HTML tags that allowed Web designers greater control and creativity. Excited designers quickly began incorporating the new tags into their pages. The new tags could only be read by Netscape, so the designers would usually include a note that their pages were best viewed with Netscape and a link to the page where it could be downloaded. This was great advertising for Netscape. It also further grew the Web itself because Web pages became more exciting.
There was one major problem facing Mosaic. The University of Illinois claimed that Mosaic Netscape had stolen Mosaic from them and demanded they change their name and quit distributing their product. Mosaic changed their name to Netscape Communications Corporation., but refused to quit distributing their software. On December 21, 1994, an agreement was reached. The University of Illinois made no further claims on Netscape and received a financial settlement. The settlement plus legal expense cost Netscape close to $3 million (Berners-Lee, 93). More good news had come just six days earlier when the shipping versions of Netscape were ready for distribution, which brought in some actual income.
What happened to Netscape?
Perhaps as much can be learned from Netscape's downfall as from its meteoric rise to the top. By 1996, 75% of Web users used Netscape. Now Netscape is merely a subsidiary of America Online and has only a third of the Web's users. Microsoft Internet Explorer has replaced Netscape as browser number one.
What happened? Surely, part of the reason for the dramatic change of fortune for Netscape is that Microsoft is simply too strong a competitor (ongoing legal battles will determine whether they are actually a monopoly). But some believe bad management at Netscape also contributed to its downfall. They point to a 'Just show up' strategy for success (Powell, 64). Netscape management saw its product as superior and looking at its huge share of the market rested on their laurels to some degree. Over time, Internet Explorer became the more reliable browser with better features. Netscape continued to charge for its product and its pricing structure continually changed and was inconsistent while Internet Explorer has always been totally free.
By 1999, Netscape was battle-weary and America Online bought it for $10 billion in stock. America Online does not use Navigator as its official browser. It does not seem interested in Netscape software, but rather in converting the remaining Netscape audience into its own. The new marketplace of the World Wide Web is a very volatile and dynamic one. Getting to the top is difficult, but staying there is even harder. In an environment that changes so rapidly it would seem that competitors too would have to be willing and able to change continuously.
还是大学生的他做出了世界上第一窗口游览器MOSAIC。他的工作是使因特网进入千家万户的第一大步。
Internet Pioneers
Beginnings at the University of Illinois
Marc Andreesen was a student and part-time assistant at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois when the World Wide Web began to take off. His position at NCSA allowed him to become very familiar with the Internet. Like just about everyone else who was involved with the Internet, he also became familiar with the Web. Most of the browsers available then were for Unix machines which were expensive. This meant that the Web was mostly used by academics and engineers who had access to such machines. The user-interfaces of available browsers also tended to be not very user-friendly, which also hindered the spread of the Web. Marc decided to develop a browser that was easier to use and more graphically rich.
In 1992, Andreesen recruited fellow NCSA employee, Eric Bina, to help with his project. The two worked tirelessly. Bina remembers that they would 'work three to four days straight, then crash for about a day' (Reid, 7). They called their new browser Mosaic. It was much more sophisticated graphically than other browsers of the time. Like other browsers it was designed to display HTML documents, but new formatting tags like "center" were included.
Especially important was the inclusion of the "image" tag which allowed to include images on web pages. Earlier browsers allowed the viewing of pictures, but only as separate files. Mosaic made it possible for images and text to appear on the same page. Mosaic also sported a graphical interface with clickable buttons that let users navigate easily and controls that let users scroll through text with ease. Another innovative feature was the hyper-link. In earlier browsers hypertext links had reference numbers that the user typed in to navigate to the linked document. Hyper-links allowed the user to simply click on a link to retrieve a document.
In early 1993, Mosaic was posted for download on NCSA's servers. It was immediately popular. Within weeks tens of thousands of people had downloaded the software. The original version was for Unix. Andreesen and Bina quickly put together a team to develop PC and Mac versions, which were released in the late spring of the same year. With Mosaic now available for more popular platforms, its popularity skyrocketed. More users meant a bigger Web audience. The bigger audiences spurred the creation of new content, which in turn further increased the audience on the Web and so on. As the number of users on the Web increased, the browser of choice was Mosaic so its distribution increased accordingly.
By December 1993, Mosaic's growth was so great that it made the front page of the New York Times business section. The article concluded that Mosaic was perhaps "an application program so different and so obviously useful that it can create a new industry from scratch" (Reid, 17). NCSA administrators were quoted in the article, but there was no mention of either Andreesen or Bina. Marc realized that when he was through with his studies NCSA would take over Mosaic for themselves. So when he graduated in December 1993, he left and moved to Silicon Valley in California.
Netscape
Andreesen settled in Palo Alto, and soon met Jim Clark. Clark had founded Silicon Graphics, Inc. He had money and connections. The two began talking about a possible new start-up company. Others were brought into the discussions and it was decided that they would start an Internet company. Marc contacted old friends still working for NCSA and enticed a group of them to come be the engineering team for the new company. In mid-1994, Mosaic Communications Corp. was officially incorporated in Mountain View, California. Andreesen became the Vice President of Technology of the new company.
The new team's mandate was to create a product to surpass the original Mosaic. They had to start from scratch. The original had been created on university time with university money and so belonged exclusively to the university. The team worked furiously. One employee recalls, " a lot of times, people were there straight forty-eight hours, just coding. I've never seen anything like it, in terms of honest-to-God, no BS, human endurance, to sit in front of a monitor and program. But they were driven by this vision [of beating the original Mosaic]" (Reid, 27).
The new product would need a name. Eventually, the name Netscape was adopted. It would also need a price structure. At first, a plan to charge $99 for the browser, $5,000 for the basic server, and $25,000 for the commercial server (which included Secure Socket Layer Technology, or SSL, and could encrypt sensitive information such as credit card numbers) was considered. It was then decided to charge $1,500 for the baseline server and $5,000 for the commercial server.
Pricing for the browser was a complex question. Andreesen and others new that the key to success would be making Netscape ubiquitous on the Web. Andreesen recalls:
"That was the way to get the company jump-started, because that just gives you essentially a broad platform to build off of. It's basically a Microsoft lesson, right? If you get ubiquity, you have a lot of options, a lot of ways to benefit from that. You can get paid by the product you are ubiquitous on, but you can also get paid on products that benefit as a result. One of the fundamental lessons is that market share now equals revenue later, and if you don't have market share now, you are not going to have revenue later. Another fundamental lesson is that whoever gets the volume does win in the end. Just plain wins." (Reid, 31).
They decided to adopt a "free but not free" price structure for the browser. It would be free for students and educators; $39 for everybody else. In reality, nearly everyone had free access when Netscape was released. Beta versions were available for free, and new beta versions came out often. The current versions could also be downloaded and tried for free for 90 days. The trial period was never really enforced, however, and so many got Netscape for free that way. There was also a version that consumers could mail order which provided some income. Andreesen and the others did not worry so much about making money selling the browser. If everyone was using it, they could make money in other ways such as selling advertising on their home page.
On October 13, 1994, Mosaic Netscape was posted for download on the Internet. Within weeks it was the browser of choice for the majority of Web users. It included new HTML tags that allowed Web designers greater control and creativity. Excited designers quickly began incorporating the new tags into their pages. The new tags could only be read by Netscape, so the designers would usually include a note that their pages were best viewed with Netscape and a link to the page where it could be downloaded. This was great advertising for Netscape. It also further grew the Web itself because Web pages became more exciting.
There was one major problem facing Mosaic. The University of Illinois claimed that Mosaic Netscape had stolen Mosaic from them and demanded they change their name and quit distributing their product. Mosaic changed their name to Netscape Communications Corporation., but refused to quit distributing their software. On December 21, 1994, an agreement was reached. The University of Illinois made no further claims on Netscape and received a financial settlement. The settlement plus legal expense cost Netscape close to $3 million (Berners-Lee, 93). More good news had come just six days earlier when the shipping versions of Netscape were ready for distribution, which brought in some actual income.
What happened to Netscape?
Perhaps as much can be learned from Netscape's downfall as from its meteoric rise to the top. By 1996, 75% of Web users used Netscape. Now Netscape is merely a subsidiary of America Online and has only a third of the Web's users. Microsoft Internet Explorer has replaced Netscape as browser number one.
What happened? Surely, part of the reason for the dramatic change of fortune for Netscape is that Microsoft is simply too strong a competitor (ongoing legal battles will determine whether they are actually a monopoly). But some believe bad management at Netscape also contributed to its downfall. They point to a 'Just show up' strategy for success (Powell, 64). Netscape management saw its product as superior and looking at its huge share of the market rested on their laurels to some degree. Over time, Internet Explorer became the more reliable browser with better features. Netscape continued to charge for its product and its pricing structure continually changed and was inconsistent while Internet Explorer has always been totally free.
By 1999, Netscape was battle-weary and America Online bought it for $10 billion in stock. America Online does not use Navigator as its official browser. It does not seem interested in Netscape software, but rather in converting the remaining Netscape audience into its own. The new marketplace of the World Wide Web is a very volatile and dynamic one. Getting to the top is difficult, but staying there is even harder. In an environment that changes so rapidly it would seem that competitors too would have to be willing and able to change continuously.
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17. Clark (硅图和 Netscape 的创始人)
一九八四年，他找到Marc Andreesen说：偶有美金五百万，你去把跟你一起做 MOSAIC 的小猪猪们找来。偶们成立一个公司，偶正你副，怎样？ Netscape 诞生了！
SGI
(SGI, Mountain View, CA, www.sgi.com) A manufacturer of workstations and servers, founded in 1982 by Jim Clark. The company was founded as Silicon Graphics, Inc., but changed to its acronym in 1999. Optimized with its proprietary graphics technologies, SGI offers a line of Unix and Linux workstations and servers that are geared to high-performance computing and visualization.
SGI shipped its first graphics terminal in 1983 and first workstation in 1984 and has always led the way in computer graphics. Its custom chips and subsystems perform the tedious processing necessary to display objects on screen. Running a flight simulator on an SGI workstation was always far more realistic than any video game. In 1992, SGI acquired MIPS Technologies and, before spinning it off again in 2000, used its RISC-based microprocessors in most of its product lines. SGI computers are used in a variety of commercial, industrial and military applications.
Clark has a penchant for creating innovative companies. He founded SGI in 1982 and Netscape in 1994.
一九八四年，他找到Marc Andreesen说：偶有美金五百万，你去把跟你一起做 MOSAIC 的小猪猪们找来。偶们成立一个公司，偶正你副，怎样？ Netscape 诞生了！
SGI
(SGI, Mountain View, CA, www.sgi.com) A manufacturer of workstations and servers, founded in 1982 by Jim Clark. The company was founded as Silicon Graphics, Inc., but changed to its acronym in 1999. Optimized with its proprietary graphics technologies, SGI offers a line of Unix and Linux workstations and servers that are geared to high-performance computing and visualization.
SGI shipped its first graphics terminal in 1983 and first workstation in 1984 and has always led the way in computer graphics. Its custom chips and subsystems perform the tedious processing necessary to display objects on screen. Running a flight simulator on an SGI workstation was always far more realistic than any video game. In 1992, SGI acquired MIPS Technologies and, before spinning it off again in 2000, used its RISC-based microprocessors in most of its product lines. SGI computers are used in a variety of commercial, industrial and military applications.
Clark has a penchant for creating innovative companies. He founded SGI in 1982 and Netscape in 1994.
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18。 坏小子 - Oracle 的 Ellison。
是特坏的那种：
1。 他不久前还说他要当一辈子“世界上最有钱的光光”。转眼就。。。还是MM媚力大。
2。 深夜开着飞机乱窜，吵得别人失眠。牛气直追约翰.丹佛.
3。 小把戏能手：比如花大把银子私下去买微软的纸张垃圾，干什么呀？
Oracle
(Oracle Corporation, Redwood Shores, CA, www.oracle.com) The world's largest database and application development software vendor founded in 1977 by Larry Ellison. The Oracle database was the first DBMS to incorporate the SQL language and to be ported to a wide variety of platforms. Oracle offers a variety of application development tools and is a major promoter of the network computer. Its subsidiary, Network Computer, Inc. (now Liberate Technologies) defined the specifications for a compliant platform.
是特坏的那种：
1。 他不久前还说他要当一辈子“世界上最有钱的光光”。转眼就。。。还是MM媚力大。
2。 深夜开着飞机乱窜，吵得别人失眠。牛气直追约翰.丹佛.
3。 小把戏能手：比如花大把银子私下去买微软的纸张垃圾，干什么呀？
Oracle
(Oracle Corporation, Redwood Shores, CA, www.oracle.com) The world's largest database and application development software vendor founded in 1977 by Larry Ellison. The Oracle database was the first DBMS to incorporate the SQL language and to be ported to a wide variety of platforms. Oracle offers a variety of application development tools and is a major promoter of the network computer. Its subsidiary, Network Computer, Inc. (now Liberate Technologies) defined the specifications for a compliant platform.
