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在转基因生物左右为难
能基因组编辑技术振兴转基因家畜的想法?


基因手术 “和” 基因组编辑 “)。改变DNA的快速,准确的新方法,它已经席卷生物技术实验室。研究人员用它来 改变小鼠,斑马鱼和猴子的基因,它正在测试的方法来治疗人类疾病,如艾滋病(见“ 基因疗法治愈HIV能?“)。

随着家畜,基因编辑提供了一些非同寻常的可能性。在他的启动,Recombinetics,位于明尼苏达州圣保罗市,Fahrenkrug认为他可以创建蓝带多头奶牛不具备通常这些品种的发现,但目前在其他的牛,如缺乏牛角或抵抗某些疾病的特征。这种“分子育种”,他说,能取得同样的效果自然可能,只是速度更快了。总之,动物可以被编辑,有最好的基因,其种类可以提供。

这可能会颠覆全球的畜牧业。公司可以申请专利,这些动物就像他们做转基因大豆或玉米。企业家也准备挑战美国食品和药物管理局,从未批准了转基因食品的动物。他们说,如果它是用来仅仅围绕特质换种内基因编辑不应该加以规范。“我们谈论的是已经在一个物种,我们已经吃了基因的存在,”Fahrenkrug说。

利用该技术仍然从食物链的实验并不多见。不过,一些大型养殖企业也开始投资。“有可能是不同的公众接受的对话和不同的规定契机,”乔纳森·莱特纳,英国公司的研发负责人说属植物,是世界上最大的猪和牛的饲养员,并已支付部分Recombinetics“实验室研究。“这不是一个发光的鱼。这是一个没有拥有它的角切掉一头牛。“

转基因胸围

到目前为止,转基因食品的动物已经完全破灭。经过基因工程病毒DNA的小鼠首次出现在20世纪70年代,其他基因动物的游行其次,包括成熟的两倍快正常羊长出多余的羊毛由于小鼠基因山羊的制作蛛丝乳房,和鲑鱼。但是,这种转基因,动物基因结合来自其他物种,大多没有把它关实验农场。

转基因生物(GMOs)的反对者聚集数以百万计的签名阻止“弗兰肯食品”,而美国FDA已召开过审批等动物为食。AquaBounty技术,这使快速增长的转基因鲑鱼公司,已经使用了18年,70000000美元试图让清鱼。两年前,圭尔夫大学,安大略省,安乐死“enviropigs,”设计与它的畜群大肠杆菌 大肠杆菌的基因,使他们筋疲力尽少磷,放弃说服监管机构希望了。

创造了巴西勒诺牛与增加肌肉质量。他这样做,加入到勒诺胚胎自然发生在品种,如比利时蓝调肌肉,促进突变,尽管它以前从未见过的四肢修长,尤其耐热Lenores。编辑由删除11的DNA字母从一个单一的基因,从而降低生产称为肌肉生长抑制素肌肉调节蛋白的。莱特纳说,这样的壮举是为什么属已开始承保基因编辑研究。“我们还没有意识到的机会,在动物中的任何程度的基因工程,”他说。“但是,这些可以让我们的移动特性的新方法可能是变革。”

Fahrenkrug的想法已经抓住了奶农的注意了。这项技术“非常酷,”汤姆·劳勒,头的研发,为荷斯坦协会美说。但是他说,牛奶生产商都不敢基因工程。“这项技术确实看起来很有希望,似乎工作,但我们会进入到它慢慢地,而不是迅速怕消费者会得到错误的想法,”他说。“我们得到吓死了,因为我们的产品是牛奶,这是健康的。”

传统育种也变得更加精确感谢DNA检测。截至今年七月,国际合作,自称“ 千牛基因组计划 “已解码的234多头奶牛,其中包括瑞士Fleckviehs,荷斯坦奶牛,以及球衣的DNA。饲养者现在可以正确地打量动物的基因在出生时。一个结果是,少数无角公牛已经接近世界排名第一的地位。这使得劳勒不确定,如果有太多的需要基因编辑。

专利牛

今年一月,Fahrenkrug申请了专利铺设声称任何动物的基因进行编辑,以去除它们的角。牛专利的威胁已经惊动了一些农民已经痛心的种子专利。“他们可以把精液从我的牛市,基因编辑它,它的专利,而农民将得到彻底完蛋了,”罗伊麦格雷戈,谁孕育着无角牛彼得伯勒,安大略省说。“他们不应该被允许。”

抗转基因的活动家也不会花费很大力气的理由来批评基因编辑。有简单的目标,就像一个战略Fahrenkrug构思,以防止黄牛到达性成熟。这可能使其更快地养肥他们的屠杀。它也将允许基因编辑公司继续销售的动物没有危险“,由买家不受控制的动物的育种”,作为另一种Recombinetics“的专利申请提出它

这是可能的,甚至是可能的,即谨慎的监管者,活动家和商业挑战,将继续从基因编辑的动物了超市的货架上的产品很多年了。也许永远。但是,什么是不放缓是基因编辑技术的进步。“人们会对我说,'你知道这一切都改变了,不是吗?” 因为这样做,“Fahrenkrug说。“基因组是信息。这就是信息技术。我们已经从能够读取的基因组能够写出来。“
 
:monster::monster::monster:
On the Horns of the GMO Dilemma

Can genome-editing technology revive the idea of genetically modified livestock?


Genome Surgery” and “Genome Editing”). A fast, precise new way of altering DNA, it’s been sweeping through biotechnology labs. Researchers have used it to change the genes of mice, zebrafish, and monkeys, and it is being tested as way to treat human diseases like HIV (see “Can Gene Therapy Cure HIV?”).

With livestock, gene editing offers some extraordinary possibilities. At his startup, Recombinetics, located in St. Paul, Minnesota, Fahrenkrug thinks he can create blue-ribbon dairy bulls possessing traits not normally found in those breeds but present in other cattle, such as lack of horns or resistance to particular diseases. Such “molecular breeding,” he says, would achieve the same effects as nature might, only much faster. In short, an animal could be edited to have the very best genes its species can offer.

That could upend the global livestock industry. Companies could patent these animals just as they do genetically modified soybeans or corn. Entrepreneurs are also ready to challenge the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which has never approved a GMO food animal. They say gene editing shouldn’t be regulated if it’s used to merely swap around traits within a species. “We’re talking about genes that already exist in a species we already eat,” says Fahrenkrug.

The use of the technology remains experimental and far from the food chain. But some large breeding companies are starting to invest. “There may be an opportunity for a different public acceptance dialogue and different regulations,” says Jonathan Lightner, R&D chief of the U.K. company Genus, which is the world’s largest breeder of pigs and cattle and has paid for some of Recombinetics’ laboratory research. “This isn’t a glowing fish. It’s a cow that doesn’t have to have its horns cut off.”

GMO Bust

To date, GMO food animals have been a complete bust. After the first mice genetically engineered with viral DNA appeared in the 1970s, a parade of other modified animals followed, including sheep that grow extra wool thanks to a mouse gene, goats whose udders made spider silk, and salmon that mature twice as quickly as normal. But such transgenics—animals incorporating genes from other species—mostly never made it off experimental farms.

Opponents of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) gathered millions of signatures to stop “frankenfoods,” and the FDA has held off approving such animals as food. AquaBounty Technologies, the company that made the fast-growing transgenic salmon, has spent 18 years and $70 million trying to get the fish cleared. Two years ago, the University of Guelph, in Ontario, euthanized its herd of “enviropigs,” engineered with an E. coli gene so they pooped less phosphorus, after giving up hope of convincing regulators.

created Brazilian Lenore cattle with increased muscle mass. He did that by adding to Lenore embryos a muscle-boosting mutation that occurs naturally in breeds like Belgian Blues, though it had never before been seen in rangy, heat-tolerant Lenores. The edit consists of deleting 11 DNA letters from a single gene, thereby cutting production of a muscle-regulating protein called myostatin. Lightner says such feats are why Genus has started underwriting gene-editing research. “We haven’t realized the opportunity for genetic engineering in animals to any degree,” he says. “But these new approaches that let us move traits around could be transformational.”

Fahrenkrug’s ideas have grabbed the attention of dairy farmers, too. The technology “is very cool,” says Tom Lawlor, head of R&D for the Holstein Association USA. But he says milk producers are afraid of genetic engineering. “The technology definitely looks promising and seems to work, but we would enter into it slowly as opposed to rapidly for fear the consumer would get the wrong idea,” he says. “We get scared to death, because our product is milk, and it’s wholesome.”

Conventional breeding has also become far more precise thanks to DNA tests. By July of this year, an international collaboration calling itself the “1,000 Bull Genomes Project” had decoded the DNA of 234 dairy bulls, including Swiss Fleckviehs, Holsteins, and Jerseys. Breeders can now accurately size up an animal’s genes at birth. One result is that a few hornless bulls are already approaching top-ranked status. That leaves Lawlor unsure if there’s much of a need for gene editing.

Patented Cattle

In January, Fahrenkrug filed a patent application laying claim to any animal whose genes are edited to remove their horns. The threat of cattle patents has alarmed some farmers already distressed by seed patents. “They could take semen from my bull, gene-edit it, patent it, and the farmer will get totally screwed,” says Roy MacGregor, who breeds hornless cattle in Peterborough, Ontario. “They should not be allowed to.”

Anti-GMO campaigners also won’t have to look far for reasons to criticize gene editing. There are easy targets, like a strategy Fahrenkrug conceived to prevent cattle from reaching sexual maturity. That may make it quicker to fatten them for slaughter. It would also allow gene-editing companies to keep selling animals without the risk of “uncontrolled breeding of the animals by the buyers,” asanother of Recombinetics’ patent applications puts it.

It’s possible, even probable, that cautious regulators, activists, and commercial challenges will keep products from gene-edited animals off supermarket shelves for years. Maybe forever. But what’s not slowing down is the advance of gene-editing technology. “People will say to me, ‘You realize this changes everything, don’t you?’ Because it does,” says Fahrenkrug. “The genome is information. And this is information technology. We have gone from being able to read the genome to being able to write it.”
 
你要搞清楚,老向的强项是“转”。。。 至于转什么基因,除了BT蛋白,老向无可奉告。
 
哈哈,鸭子不老实,老向 @向问天 ,削ta :monster::monster::monster:
 
翻译真差, 是用google翻译的吧
 
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