好笑的基督教

你引用的Wiki中的一句话:evolution as fact and theory, a phrase which was used as the title of an article by Stephen Jay Gould in 1981。#704正是引用了Stephen Jay Gould这篇《Evolution as Fact and Theory》的部分原文,下面是# 705俺对它的分析

其次,在科学教Marketing部门为Marketing在一般老百姓面前的东西,他们认为哪一部分时间是Theory了吗?这种将Theory当成Fact对待的态度,正是俺本楼质疑的焦点!

或者,科学首先越过了界,将一个Hypo当成真理,作为维护无神论的武器?宗教思想是否禁锢了科学发展?还是宗教在反对科学里面不严谨的伪科学、以信仰对待科学的态度?进化论(这个词太混淆了,用共同起源common descendent吧)是否成熟到在学校中教授并且“不让学生质疑(1986年科学界公开信的话)”,或者仅仅是一个Hypo?共同起源是基于科学证据得到的科学结论,还是基于无神论的“信仰”、基于反宗教的政治需要得出的伪科学结论?一些相信共同起源的人是基于对科学证据的理性分析,还是基于对科学的“信仰”,或者基于对宗教或者creationists的反感?现在不用吵,慢慢分析证据吧
看了Gould的原文。他没有把进化树,同源作为fact。他说fruit flies和British moth是fact,但是并没有说它们是宏进化的fact,你再仔细看看原文。

对于 major changes, 他是这么说的,他多次用到inference这个词,这个词跟真理应该分得清楚吧?

The second and third arguments for evolution—the case for major changes—do not involve direct observation of evolution in action. They rest upon inference, but are no less secure for that reason. Major evolutionary change requires too much time for direct observation on the scale of recorded human history. All historical sciences rest upon inference, and evolution is no different from geology, cosmology, or human history in this respect. In principle, we cannot observe processes that operated in the past. We must infer them from results that still surround us: living and fossil organisms for evolution, documents and artifacts for human history, strata and topography for geology.

问你一个问题,科学应不应该有边界?如果有,边界在哪儿?

大多数民族都有大洪水的传说,有些说254个,有些讲270个。花了点时间找了这些与船相关的。说明:列举这些东西不是为了“证明”大洪水和方舟确实发生过,仅仅是在回答你的问题
这个有意思,值得看看。
 
问你一个问题,科学应不应该有边界?如果有,边界在哪儿?

先回答这个问题。首先,科学并不神秘,科学的核心是‘科学’的哲学思想。俺已经看到的,有两个事情进化论界是越界的,不一定是科学研究过程中,从整个科学界来看的

1、基于“科学”的方法/哲学的科学研究是没有任何边界的。科学什么都可以去研究 -- 但是不一定可以有成果。只要是按照‘科学‘的方法进行,实事求是地得到’结论‘即可

2、有时候进化论科学家不从“科学”研究结果去推断结论,而是根据无神论的预定立场,或者有问题的逻辑。比如Gould这篇文章讲进化论成立的三大原因之一:God can't make this imperfect world

3、整个科学界,主要是Marketing部门,在共同起源还在Hypo阶段,就匆匆忙忙推出来作为反宗教的武器 ---俺现在希望专注于证明同源进化是Hypo,不想花时间去找反宗教的证据,但这句话不是随便说的 --- 这个是俺说“科学”越界的主要意思
 
谢谢阿Q多次提到'进化论'的marketin。,仔细想想,好像西方科学是有借'旧约新约'上位的意思。是不是为了打出知名度,而挑战某些'对旧约新约的权威解释'?
在基督教的影响下,旧约新约的地位是神圣的。但是要把它表述出来,与日常生活进行联系,那就是'解释',特别是那些权威的(如牧师,教主,神父)解释,也可能视为真理。
那么能够推翻那些'权威的解释',或者用科学事实验证了旧约新约的说法,是个轰动世界的大事。例如。
1,'日心说'推翻'地心说'。旧约的创世纪,是先造天地,然后日月星辰。这样就有了解释,地球是中心,日月星辰就围绕地球转了。然而,'日心说'通过事实认为,太阳是中心。这样就推翻了'权威解释',这个科学结论对于基督教是个大事,也就有了Marketing的效果。然而,基督教的现在说,那不是'旧约新约'所说的,是教徒搞错的。哈哈,笑一下,相对论说,都对。
2,最近的DNA研究表明,人类可能都来自非洲的一位母亲。而杂志上报道这一消息的题目是'夏娃是存在的',借着'旧约新约'的知名度来做最新DNA的成果宣传。嘿嘿,乐观一下,希望看到更多的DNA的研究成果。
3,那么'进化论'呢,挑战'基督教权威的解释',就是很有效的广告。其实,研究进化论,不需要与'旧约新约'有什么联系。拿'进化论'的研究成果特意去挑逗一下基督教,的确有骚扰调戏之嫌疑,而基督教徒用'权威解释'来否定'进化论'的研究,实质上是越俎代庖的表现。
4,还有,一直有基督徒在研究'旧约新约'的历史来源以及事实根据。而且还得到了很多在成书'旧约新约'之前的事实,如阿Q举例的苏美尔人,他们的'尤特方舟',神造天地。可是,要是很多可笑的基督徒是不愿意宣传这些事实的,或者是充耳不闻,或者是掩耳闭眼。
但是,还是要感谢那些敢于说真话的基督徒,敢于突破'权威解释'的那些人,也是他们的良心作为,使得在中世纪在神学院里,保留了甚至发展了科学研究的'正能量'。
 
1,诺亚方舟与进化论是有关系的,相信进化论也不是'攻击'基督教,因为有的基督徒是相信'进化论'的。
2,的确有基督徒有科学来检验创世纪。是从两个方面,考证创世纪的文化来源和思想历史,用新的科学知识去不断地修正以前的对旧约的解释。
3,究竟有但是物种能够装进诺亚方舟,不同的基督徒有不同的答案。如只装种蛋种卵,可能郑和做的那么的船就够了。如果只装所有物种的基因各七对,恐怕一个小小的火柴盒子就够了。(喔,有点奇怪为什么有计划地救动物而不救人)
4,写诺亚方舟的文章?哈哈。解释原文那几个字就写出长篇大论,恐怕是谬论多于事实吧?
5,对于'直接对话,直接干预,洪水,方舟'等等,基督徒也一样可以是质疑者。

就是对于'进化论',不同的基督徒也分为很多不同的人,例如,
A,有的基督徒相信上帝是'灵',不是现实的物质世界的实体,同时也相信进化论。相信上帝这'灵'是可以引导'进化'的。
B,有的基督徒,既相信'宏进化',又相信'微进化'
C,有的基督徒相信'微进化'(物种内变异),而不相信'宏进化'(物种同源)。
D,有的基督徒不相信生物'微进化',但是相信生物能够自行'微变化'。
E,有的基督徒甚至不相信生物能够自行的'微变化',相信任何(物质世界的,精神文化的)变化都是受上帝控制而产生的杰作。

面对日新月异的科学发展(包括进化论,包括考古方面),对于基督徒来说,究竟应该如何解释旧约和新约的故事(如创世纪,如诺亚方舟,如蛇语驴说)是一个棘手的问题。

zt,••••美索不达米亚文明的(诺亚方舟是从这里抄袭的吧)

这是一个Creationist科学家写的关于方舟的文章,包括与美索不达米亚的比较。如图,也列举了其他与诺亚方舟类似神话、传说

Untitled.gif

不过俺没有仔细看,因为俺认为这不重要

1、俺不认为类似文章提供了足够的证据证明谁“抄”谁

2、前面说过了,creation什么人都有--比如IT蓝领阿Q也在弄进化论,加上很多人热衷于去'证明'至少当前无法证明的东西,牵强附会的东西在所难免。但是看看未免不可,多听听“反方”的意见 :)

3、越来越认识到“进化论”这个词既被科学教所扭曲(有意无意模糊微进化、宏观进化、共同起源的区别),也被creationist妖魔化。在有意无意的宣传下,太多的人对“进化论”有误解:究竟进化论里哪些是科学已经验证的?哪些是Hypo却被Marketing夸张?哪些才与Creationist的基本信仰冲突?主流creationists--或者说有科学背景的creationists真正反对的是什么?

不过,宗教是信仰,也是个人的选择自由。貌似真正信的人面对最新科学--包括进化论没有太多困难,尽管不可否认的是,欧美的Christianity实实在在在衰弱

这其中,恐怕公立学校、大学、科学界的教育宣传是大有关系的。长远看,科学界的这种治学方法对科学的发展是有利有害,是另一个值得思考的问题
 
看了Gould的原文。他没有把进化树,同源作为fact。他说fruit flies和British moth是fact,但是并没有说它们是宏进化的fact,你再仔细看看原文。

对于 major changes, 他是这么说的,他多次用到inference这个词,这个词跟真理应该分得清楚吧?

The second and third arguments for evolution—the case for major changes—do not involve direct observation of evolution in action. They rest upon inference, but are no less secure for that reason. Major evolutionary change requires too much time for direct observation on the scale of recorded human history. All historical sciences rest upon inference, and evolution is no different from geology, cosmology, or human history in this respect. In principle, we cannot observe processes that operated in the past. We must infer them from results that still surround us: living and fossil organisms for evolution, documents and artifacts for human history, strata and topography for geology.

俺相信Gould这段话是很多进化论信徒的真实想法,可这100%是废话,是在侮辱Creationists的智商;往坏处讲,他是在避重就轻,在有意误导老百姓。面对着地球全部生物共同起源这种重大的命题,Creationists质疑的远不是他故作无辜状所写的那样:

1、科学盲阿Q简短学习提出的基本疑问,多少个科学界可以回答?
2、化石记录有没有一个进化论内部比较共识的过渡物种?更别说寒武纪大爆发等
3、Craig Venter直接否定生命树如何解释?这跟证据不足是不同性质的
4、实验室不能观察到真正的“宏进化”---俺发现这个词已经不准确了,以后用共同起源,究竟有哪些证明朝这个方向的证据,而不是指向另一个相反方向?
5、观察不到宏进化的实例,那么凭什么证据“相信”,这就是问题
... ...

他说fruit flies和British moth是fact,但是并没有说它们是宏进化的fact
-- 是整篇文章他没有提到Macroevolution这个词,俺早已经说了,模糊两者的概念,是科学教护教的标准程序。质疑的是宏进化,总拿微进化的例子干嘛?

下面跟Gould较较真,分析一下这篇文章
 
<Evolution as Fact and Theory>, by Stephen Jay Gould,对文章主要内容逐句分析

Evolutionists have been clear about this distinction between fact and theory from the very beginning, if only because we have always acknowledged how far we are from completely understanding the mechanisms (theory) by which evolution (fact) occurred

因为后面他写“show that species had not been separately created”,所以俺相信他这里的Evolution指的是共同起源。第一个问题:结论是Fact,过程和基础是Theory,这跟不管从哪里学到的“科学方法”都不一样吧?

俺不禁要问,他的这个Fact的结论从哪里来?不是从研究过程得到的证据来,而是先将一个惊天动地的共同起源作为一个Fact,然后再去研究它怎么发生的“理论”。感谢Gould,将“进化论”的真实情况写了出来

Darwin continually emphasized the difference between his two great and separate accomplishments: establishing the fact of evolution, and proposing a theory—natural selection

同上,本末颠倒

Scientists regard debates on fundamental issues of theory as a sign of intellectual health and a source of excitement. Science is—and how else can I say it?—most fun when it plays with interesting ideas, examines their implications, and recognizes that old information might be explained in surprisingly new ways.

如果他将“共同起源”当成Hypo,这些话是成立的。又是避重就轻的手法

Yet amidst all this turmoil no biologist has been lead to doubt the fact that evolution occurred; we are debating how it happened. We are all trying to explain the same thing: the tree of evolutionary descent linking all organisms by ties of genealogy.

again, 这1000楼都是在问这个问题:科学家们凭什么No Doubt?其次,跟美国科学院小册子同样的手法,将科学界描述成一片风平浪静,所有噪音都来自Creationists。阿Q才听过多少个科学家的名字,就发现相当有份量的Craig Venter公开反对生命树,前面也引用了不少科学家对“Evolution”质疑的声音

Creationists pervert and caricature this debate by conveniently neglecting the common conviction that underlies it, and by falsely suggesting that evolutionists now doubt the very phenomenon we are struggling to understand.

等等看他提供什么“ common conviction that underlies”的证据

To be continued.
 
Continue: <Evolution as Fact and Theory>, by Stephen Jay Gould

。。。 Philosopher Karl Popper has argued for decades that the primary criterion of science is the falsifiability of its theories. We can never prove absolutely, but we can falsify. A set of ideas that cannot, in principle, be falsified is not science.

又是当读者是傻瓜或无知. 此话正确,但是废话

The entire creationist program includes little more than a rhetorical attempt to falsify evolution by presenting supposed contradictions among its supporters.

仍然在回避问题。如同本楼,不管Creationists的思路如何,关键看证据。Gould这篇文章不是在辩论,但是很遗憾,Evolution vs Creation的辩论中,很少看到科学教的人能够“正面”为“共同起源”的证据辩护,前面贴的《29+宏进化证据》是少数的例外。大部分情况都是类似Gould这样的政治性帽子,没有具体分析

"Scientific creationism" is a self-contradictory, nonsense phrase precisely because it cannot be falsified. ....

不要打岔,从“科学”的角度看,不管Creationism是真理、谬论,还是痴人呓语,都与“共同起源”理论是否成立无关,科学需要自己的证据

Our confidence that evolution occurred centers upon three general arguments. First, we have abundant, direct, observational evidence of evolution in action, from both the field and laboratory.

Good,说来听听

This evidence ranges from countless experiments on change in nearly everything about fruit flies subjected to artificial selection in the laboratory to the famous populations of British moths that became black when industrial soot darkened the trees upon which the moths rest. (Moths gain protection from sharp-sighted bird predators by blending into the background.)

奇怪,这两个例子能解释‘共同起源’的什么问题?突破生殖隔离?基因变异产生了新信息?扩展了基因库?

Creationists do not deny these observations; how could they? Creationists have tightened their act. They now argue that God only created "basic kinds," and allowed for limited evolutionary meandering within them. Thus toy poodles and Great Danes come from the dog kind and moths can change color, but nature cannot convert a dog to a cat or a monkey to a man.

不知道Gould是对Creationism的无知,还是故作萌态?Creationists在反对这些吗?

The second argument—that the imperfection of nature reveals evolution —strikes many people as ironic, for they feel that evolution should be most elegantly displayed in the nearly perfect adaptation expressed by some organisms—the camber of a gull's wing, or butterflies that cannot be seen in ground litter because they mimic leaves so precisely. But perfection could be imposed by a wise creator or evolved by natural selection. Perfection covers the tracks of past history. And past history—the evidence of descent—is the mark of evolution.

这是科学,伪科学?还是宗教?科学教口口声声反对宗教,到头来却拿宗教作为“科学”的证据?

Evolution lies exposed in the imperfections that record a history of descent. Why should a rat run, a bat fly, a porpoise swim, and I type this essay with structures built of the same bones unless we all inherited them from a common ancestor? An engineer, starting from scratch, could design better limbs in each case.

好大的口气!人类对自己身体(比如对细胞的了解)、生物、整个大自然的了解有多少?敢这样说?同上,这是“共同起源”是一个Fact的理由?

The third argument is more direct: transitions are often found in the fossil record.。。。

Tired of fossil record already,不提了

Faced with these facts of evolution and the philosophical bankruptcy of their own position, creationists rely upon distortion and innuendo to buttress their rhetorical claim.

上面就是“共同起源”证据的Fact?:blowzy::blowzy::blowzy:是Creationists对进化论的扭曲,还是科学界对Creationists的扭曲、误解更多?

To be continued
 
<Evolution as Fact and Theory>, by Stephen Jay Gould,对文章主要内容逐句分析



因为后面他写“show that species had not been separately created”,所以俺相信他这里的Evolution指的是共同起源。第一个问题:结论是Fact,过程和基础是Theory,这跟不管从哪里学到的“科学方法”都不一样吧?

看样子还是要看看Darwin的原著,才明白他到底在说什么。这个只能有时间慢慢学习了。下面是wiki里的解释,上面说得很清楚,Darwin说共同起源是一个theory。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_descent

Charles Darwin proposed the theory of universal common descent through an evolutionary process in On the Origin of Species,

俺不禁要问,他的这个Fact的结论从哪里来?不是从研究过程得到的证据来,而是先将一个惊天动地的共同起源作为一个Fact,然后再去研究它怎么发生的“理论”。感谢Gould,将“进化论”的真实情况写了出来
如果搞不清Darwin 到底把共同起源作为一个Fact,还是一个theory,上面的结论都是你的臆想。
 
<Evolution as Fact and Theory>, by Stephen Jay Gould

Transitional forms are generally lacking at the species level, but they are abundant between larger groups .

Abundant? Really? 可以回头看看前面Gould本人解释寒武纪大爆发的文章,他本人承认在500万年间产生了比现在还多(或者全部、至少大部分?)的生物,还有一大堆否定过渡物种的话

Yet a pamphlet entitled "Harvard Scientists Agree Evolution Is a Hoax" states: "The facts of punctuated equilibrium which Gould and Eldredge…are forcing Darwinists to swallow fit the picture that Bryan insisted on, and which God has revealed to us in the Bible."

俺相信存在不少Creationists误解、扭曲、不恰当引用的例子,但是科学就是科学。“共同起源”的证据不因为这些误解、扭曲而增加或减少. 文章后面更多指责Creationists的话就略过了,跟主题无关

It is true that scientists have often been dogmatic and elitist. It is true that we have often allowed the white-coated, advertising image to represent us—"Scientists say that Brand X cures bunions ten times faster than…" We have not fought it adequately because we derive benefits from appearing as a new priesthood.

感谢Gould的诚实!什么叫new priesthood? “科学教”的名称不是空穴来风!-- 不是“科学”本身有问题,而是Marketing,以及部分科学教信徒的问题:以对待宗教的态度对待科学

It is also true that faceless and bureaucratic state power intrudes more and more into our lives and removes choices that should belong to individuals and communities.

Agree!

I can understand that school curricula, imposed from above and without local input, might be seen as one more insult on all these grounds. But the culprit is not, and cannot be, evolution or any other fact of the natural world.

同意!‘进化论’被扭曲,科学教Marketing部门负主要责任,这也是阿Q在本楼学习过程中慢慢意识到的

Identify and fight our legitimate enemies by all means, but we are not among them.

基本同意

Evolution is one of the half dozen "great ideas" developed by science. It speaks to the profound issues of genealogy that fascinate all of us—the "roots" phenomenon writ large. Where did we come from? Where did life arise? How did it develop? How are organisms related? It forces us to think, ponder, and wonder. Shall we deprive millions of this knowledge and once again teach biology as a set of dull and unconnected facts, without the thread that weaves diverse material into a supple unity?

同意,前面说过,科学去研究什么都行,只要用科学的方法去做,实事求是就行

But most of all I am saddened by a trend I am just beginning to discern among my colleagues. I sense that some now wish to mute the healthy debate about theory that has brought new life to evolutionary biology. It provides grist for creationist mills, they say, even if only by distortion. Perhaps we should lie low and rally around the flag of strict Darwinism, at least for the moment—a kind of old-time religion on our part.

同意,不过最后一句话有意思

To be continued
 
<Evolution as Fact and Theory>, by Stephen Jay Gould

again, 这1000楼都是在问这个问题:科学家们凭什么No Doubt?其次,跟美国科学院小册子同样的手法,将科学界描述成一片风平浪静,所有噪音都来自Creationists。阿Q才听过多少个科学家的名字,就发现相当有份量的Craig Venter公开反对生命树,前面也引用了不少科学家对“Evolution”质疑的声音

To be continued.
Evolution是正在发生的事实,这个你也是承认的。只是怎么发生的,大家有异议。"We are all trying to explain the same thing" um,这个确实是说得太绝对了。科学界永远有不同的声音,这个是科学能自我纠正很重要的原因。

前面也引用了不少科学家对“Evolution”质疑的声音
这个说实话没时间看呢,现在连基本的species都一片混乱,还有对DNA知识都完全空白,根本没有到能分辨他们说的是否有理的地步。

在我看的小朋友科普书上。有一句话是这么说的,进化论征服了很多人。

压倒多数的科学家投入这么多精力去完善这棵进化树,为什么?
也许
1. 一部分科学家就是混口饭吃,根本没有自己独立的思想?我自己就是个工匠,没有权力去blame这种人。
2. 一部分科学家是被理论说服。
3. 一部分科学家有异议,但是苦于自己没有更好的理论。
4. 一部分科学家有异议,也有自己的理论,但是没有足够的说服力。

也许Craig Venter属于4?研究研究。
 
<Evolution as Fact and Theory>, by Stephen Jay Gould 小结一下

Evolutionists have been clear about this distinction between fact and theory from the very beginning, if only because we have always acknowledged how far we are from completely understanding the mechanisms (theory) by which evolution (fact) occurred. Darwin continually emphasized the difference between his two great and separate accomplishments: establishing the fact of evolution, and proposing a theory—natural selection—to explain the mechanism of evolution”

“Yet amidst all this turmoil no biologist has been lead to doubt the fact that evolution occurred; we are debating how it happened

从这段时间看的资料,俺认为Gould上面两句话完全真实地反映了“进化论”科学的实际情况:

  • 所有支持进化论科学家的论文都是以“共同起源”为前提的,没有留任何空间给其他的可能
  • 在“共同起源”的具体“进化”路径上,差不多没有达成任何共识,确实科学家们是将他们建议的“进化路径”当成可能的理论对待--至少在化石相关的部分是这样的
  • 科学教Marketing添了乱,他们将一些科学界认为的“Theory"当成"Fact"在传教

重复一下:结论是Fact,过程/证据是Theory,正是阿Q本楼质疑的焦点!正是阿Q指责“共同起源”是伪科学/反科学/宗教的原因

Finished
 
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/ncte/twb/activities.html

找到一个老师怎么教小朋友evolution的网站。

看看它的Misconceptions:http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/ncte/twb/misconceptions.html,这个网站的观点是对俺#1117结论和Gould文章的完美注解!

Misconception:Evolution is not scientific because nobody saw it happen
阿Q:对Creationists或者其他质疑的典型distortion, very naive

Misconception:Evolution is not a highly reliable science because it is only a theory.

“The everyday meaning of "theory" to most students implies something for which there is little-to-no evidence or something that is merely a guess. ... Students need to understand that theory has a different meaning in science and that within science ... Evolution is a theory, just as, and no less observable than, gravitation (masses attract one another with a force inversely proportional to the square of their distances) or atomic theory (that all matter is composed of atoms).”
阿Q:根据这段话,Evolution是“不可置疑”的事实,还是啥?

Misconception:Evolution is a weak scientific idea (evolution is a "theory in crisis")
“They should come to realize that the journals do not contain articles about whether evolution occurred, but rather about the patterns and mechanisms of evolution.”
阿Q:是这样的,正如楼上Gould讲过的,这是另一个不可辩驳的证明:科学界将“共同起源”当成一个Fact,而不是Theory

Misconception:Microevolution is not evolution
“These students do not accept any cumulative change beyond kinds. So such students do not object to typical speciation lessons but do not find them pertinent to macroevolution. To help students learn how microevolution could lead to macroevolution, the teacher could utilize good fossil transitions, lineages, and molecular comparisons as illustrative of macroevolution.”
阿Q:Good to know how they are educating SCIENCE!

Misconception:Missing links disprove evolution
"Most of these fossils, however, illustrate structural transitions; because of other anatomical characteristics, they are usually not considered to be actual ancestors. .. However, we can learn much about the course of evolution from the transitional morphological structures that are abundant in the fossil record. Examples include the transitions from reptiles to mammal, fish to amphibians, dinosaurs to birds, early hominids to humans, and land mammals to whales."
阿Q: transitional morphological structures的说法倒是跟前面分析的NCSE的文章有一拼,可惜貌似Gould、Dawkins这些科学家不是这么看!
 
磁带增加了,录什么都行。
哈哈,以前的储存元件是约1毫米大小的铁氧体磁环。上下和左右各穿过一条漆包线,用磁化与消磁来读写磁信息。密密麻麻地排列一大版,然后很多这样的磁环板子做储存体。
以后是磁盘,磁带,光盘,U盘(磁泡)。储存体积越来越小,记录的信息越来越多。不过,不管多大的能耐,还是赶不上咱们的耶稣。
 
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