In parliamentary systems like Canada’s, an MP “crossing the floor” (switching parties while keeping their seat) is allowed because of how representation is defined.
Here are the main reasons
1. MPs are elected
On the ballot, voters technically elect a person, not a party.
Parties are politically important, but they don’t own the seat under Canadian law.
Once elected, an MP is free to change party affiliation—or sit as an independent.
2. Parliamentary tradition emphasizes
Canada follows the Westminster parliamentary tradition (from the UK).
Historically, MPs are meant to:
Act according to conscience
Respond to new information
Represent their constituents’ interests, even if party views change
Forcing re-elections would weaken that independence.
3. No constitutional or legal requirement for re-election
The Constitution and Canada Elections Act do not require a by-election when an MP changes parties.
A by-election is only mandatory if:
The MP resigns
The seat becomes vacant (death, disqualification, etc.)
4. Practical and stability reasons
Requiring re-elections every time an MP changed parties would:
Be expensive and frequent
Destabilize Parliament
Allow party leaders (not voters) to indirectly force elections
5. Political accountability still exists
Even though it’s legal:
Floor crossing is often politically controversial
Voters can punish the MP in the next general election
Some MPs choose to resign voluntarily and seek a fresh mandate—but this is a choice, not a rule
Summary
Floor crossing is allowed because:
MPs hold seats personally
Parliamentary systems prioritize MP independence
The law does not require re-election
Accountability is enforced at the next election, not immediately
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