好笑的基督教

以前俺简单查过,Google不出究竟虎狮兽或者狮虎兽能不能生育。“骡子虽然很容易生出来,但是已经不能再生育了” 是什么意思?究竟能不能生育?麻烦两位帮忙查证一下,俺以后再学习

不过这里俺有个存疑,俺在看那些大生物家,比如Jay Gould讲为什么宏进化论必然发生的证据,他们为什么没有提骡子,狮虎兽,没有提新兰花,新小麦什么的?不管了,先记下


俺继续missing link和始祖鸟
 
复习:化石纪录的不同解读,删减版

认为目前发现的化石真实地纪录生物“进化”历史--没有过渡物种的主力是Stephen_Jay_Gould,当代最重要的古生物学家,说他最重要是因为在进化论领域,他的论文被引用次数排名第三,仅次于达尔文本人和G.G. Simpson;另外主力是他的伙伴Niles_Eldredge,还有 Ernst Mayr, one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary biologists

“Given the fact of evolution, one would expect the fossils to document a gradual steady change from ancestral forms to the descendants. But this is not what the paleontologist finds. Instead, he or she finds gaps in just about every phyletic series.” (Ernst Mayr, 无神论者,was one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary biologists, 也是1986年支持进化论statement的签名者之一-Professor Emeritus, Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, What Evolution Is, 2001, p.14.)

“What one actually found was nothing but discontinuities: All species are separated from each other by bridgeless gaps; intermediates between species are not observed . . . The problem was even more serious at the level of the higher categories.” (Mayr, E., Animal Species and Evolution, 1982, p. 524.)

“He [Darwin] prophesied that future generations of paleontologists would fill in these gaps by diligent search….It has become abundantly clear that the fossil record will not confirm this part of Darwin’s predictions. Nor is the problem a miserably poor record. The fossil record simply shows that this prediction was wrong.” (Eldridge, Niles, 与Gould一起提出 punctuated equilibrium,另一个重要的进化论科学家, The Myths of Human Evolution, 1984, pp.45-46.)

“We are faced more with a great leap of faith . . . that gradual progressive adaptive change underlies the general pattern of evolutionary change we see in the rocks . . . than any hard evidence.” (Eldredge, N. and Tattersall, I., The Myths of Human Evolution, 1982, p. 57.)

To explain discontinuities, Simpson relied, in part, upon the classical argument of an imperfect fossil record, but concluded that such an outstanding regularity could not be entirely artificial.” (Gould, Stephen J., “The Hardening of the Modern Synthesis,” 1983, p. 81.), 阿Q注:此处Simpson指George Gaylord Simpson, 另一个进化论大佬, "perhaps the most influential paleontologist of the twentieth century, and a major participant in the modern evolutionary synthesis"

The record jumps, and all the evidence shows that the record is real: the gaps we see reflect real events in life’s history – not the artifact of a poor fossil record.” (Eldredge, N. and Tattersall, I., The Myths of Human Evolution, 1982, p. 59.)

The absence of fossil evidence for intermediary stages between major transitions in organic design, indeed our inability, even in our imagination, to construct functional intermediates in many cases, has been a persistent and nagging problem for gradualistic accounts of evolution.” (Gould, Stephen J., “Is a New and General Theory of Evolution Emerging?,” 1982, p. 140.)

“As we shall see when we take up the creationist position, there are all sorts of gaps: absence of graduationally intermediate ‘transitional’ forms between species, but also between larger groups — between say, families of carnivores, or the orders of mammals. In fact, the higher up the Linnaean hierarchy you look, the fewer transitional forms there seem to be.” (Eldredge, Niles, The Monkey Business: A Scientist Looks at Creationism, 1982, p. 65-66.)

“Instead of finding the gradual unfolding of life, what geologists of Darwin’s time, and geologists of the present day actually find is a highly uneven or jerky record; that is, species appear in the sequence very suddenly, show little or no change during their existence in the record, then abruptly go out of the record. and it is not always clear, in fact it’s rarely clear, that the descendants were actually better adapted than their predecessors. In other words, biological improvement is hard to find.” (Raup, David M.,古生物学家,化石专家, “Conflicts Between Darwin and Paleontology,” Bulletin, Field Museum of Natural History, vol. 50, 1979, p. 23.)

Chicago Field Museum, Prof. of Geology, Univ. of Chicago, “A large number of well-trained scientists outside of evolutionary biology and paleontology have unfortunately gotten the idea that the fossil record is far more Darwinian than it is. This probably comes from the oversimplification inevitable in secondary sources: low-level textbooks, semi-popular articles, and so on. Also, there is probably some wishful thinking involved. In the years after Darwin, his advocates hoped to find predictable progressions. In general, these have not been found yet the optimism has died hard, and some pure fantasy has crept into textbooks…One of the ironies of the creation evolution debate is that the creationists have accepted the mistaken notion that the fossil record shows a detailed and orderly progression and they have gone to great lengths to accommodate this ‘fact’ in their Flood (Raup, David, “Geology” New Scientist, Vol. 90, p.832, 1981.)

“Transitions between major groups of organisms . . . are difficult to establish in the fossil record.” (Stebbins, G. L., is widely regarded as one of the leading evolutionary biologists of the 20th century, Darwin to DNA, Molecules to Humanity, 1982, p. 107.)
 
复习:化石纪录的不同解读续,删减版

“Well, we are now about 120 years after Darwin and the knowledge of the fossil record has been greatly expanded. We now have a quarter of a million fossil species but the situation hasn’t changed much. The record of evolution is still surprisingly jerky and, ironically, we have even fewer examples of evolutionary transition than we had in Darwin’s time. By this I mean that some of the classic cases of Darwinian change in the fossil record, such as the evolution of the horse in North America, have had to be discarded or modified as a result of more detailed information…” (Raup, David M.,著名古生物学家, “Conflicts Between Darwin and Paleontology,” Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin, vol. 50, 1979, p. 25.)

The extreme rarity of transitional forms in the fossil record persists as the trade secret of paleontology. The evolutionary trees that adorn our textbooks have data only at the tips and nods of their branches; the rest is inference, however reasonable, not the evidence of fossils. Yet Darwin was so wedded to gradualism that he wagered his entire theory on a denial of this literal record.” (Gould, Stephen J. The Panda’s Thumb, 1980, p. 181.)

“One of the most pervasive myths in all of paleontology…is the myth that the evolutionary histories of living beings are essentially a matter of discovery. Uncertainties in our interpretations of the fossil record are ascribed to the incompleteness of that record. Find enough fossils, it is believed, and the course of evolution will somehow be revealed. But if this were really so, one could confidently expect that as more hominid fossils were found the story of human evolution would become clearer. Whereas if anything, the opposite has occurred.” (Eldredge, N. and Tattersall, I., The Myths of Human Evolution, 1982, p. 127.)

“One thing which has struck me very forcibly through they years is that most of the classic evolutionary lineages of my student days, such as Ostrea-Gryphaea and Zaphrentis delanouei, have long since lost their scientific respectability, and in spite of the plethora of palaeontological information we now have available, there seems to be very little to put in their place. In twenty years’ work on the Mesozoic Brachiopoda, I have found plenty of relationships, but few if any evolving lineages.” (Ager, D., The Nature of the Stratigraphical Record, 1981, p. 20.)

Phylogeny…is ‘in the vast majority of cases…unknown and possibly unknowable’ (Sneath and Sokal 1973, p. 53.) On the latter point, I have come to the same conclusion.” (Patterson, Colin, “Morphological Characters and Homology,” 1982, p. 61.)

“Most groups of organisms are best visualized as highly complex phylogenetic bushes … In large parts of the natural system it is impossible to demonstrate that one particular taxonomic sequence is superior to other alternatives.” (Mayr, E. 进化论大佬之一 The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution and Inheritance, 1982, p. 242.)

“Species that were once thought to have turned into others have been found to overlap in time with these alleged descendants. In fact, the fossil record does not convincingly document a single transition from one species to another.” (Stanley, S.M., The New Evolutionary Timetable: Fossils, Genes, and the Origin of Species, 1981, p. 95.)

“A persistent problem in evolutionary biology has been the absence of intermediate forms in the fossil record. Long term gradual transformations of single lineages are rare and generally involve simple size increase or trivial phenotypic effects. Typically, the record consists of successive ancestor-descendant lineages, morphologically invariant through time and unconnected by intermediates.” (Williamson, P.G., “Palaeontological Documentation of Speciation in Cenozoic Molluscs from Turkana Basin,” Nature 293, 1982, p. 440.)

At the higher level of evolutionary transition between basic morphological designs, gradualism has always been in trouble, though it remains the “official” position of most Western evolutionists. Smooth intermediates between Baupläne are almost impossible to construct, even in thought experiments; there is certainly no evidence for them in the fossil record (curious mosaics like Archaeopteryx do not count).” (Gould, S.J. and Eldredge, N., “Punctuated Equilibria: the Tempo and Mode of Evolution Reconsidered.” Paleobiology 3, 1977, p. 147.)

The known fossil record fails to document a single example of phyletic evolution accomplishing a major morphologic transition.” (Stanley, Steven M., Macroevolution: Pattern and Process, 1979 p. 39.)
 
以前俺简单查过,Google不出究竟虎狮兽或者狮虎兽能不能生育。“骡子虽然很容易生出来,但是已经不能再生育了” 是什么意思?究竟能不能生育?麻烦两位帮忙查证一下,俺以后再学习

不过这里俺有个存疑,俺在看那些大生物家,比如Jay Gould讲为什么宏进化论必然发生的证据,他们为什么没有提骡子,狮虎兽,没有提新兰花,新小麦什么的?不管了,先记下

oh。这还用解释。。。马和驴杂交很容易生出骡子,但是骡子已经不能再生育了。狮虎兽很容易死。骡子和狮虎兽都算不上fertile offspring。
只是感觉前两天看的关于species的文章,还有点道理,挺好玩的。
 
其实地是方的天是圆的。环球旅行也可能是假的。只是航空公司让乘客感到的假象。美国不也有人说登月都是假的吗!什么宇宙外太空都是虚幻。只有神是永存的。
 
俺没有结论。看过一点资料,公说公有理,婆说婆有理,不能分辨,对双方都有存疑。但是,俺认为可以让一步,将进化论放在45亿年历史的背景下谈
这个能否科普一下。如果支持Yong Earth,整个进化论谈都不用谈,所以值得花点时间。
 
推阿Q认真学术讨论帖。
 
1、前面#923楼刚讲过,missing link是科学界认为宏进化论必然发生的重要证据,是俺查证的第一个宏进化证据(因为这最容易入门),俺不会根据单独一个证据支持、反对一个学说

2、宏进化成立,需要一个巨大的证据链,这个链条任何一个环节断开了都不行。现在俺退一步,将这些链条分开谈,看看宏进化存在那些站得住脚的证据

3、不能证明missing link,当然不足以推翻宏进化;问题是,没有missing link,凭什么能证明宏进化必然成立--关于missing link,俺600多楼有很多东西,俺可以整理一下重新贴出来

4、宏进化论届并不认为missing link不可证明,尽管现在开始改口了。可是当前教科书中仍然坚持马的进化、始祖鸟等missing link的证据
还是不清楚为什么缺乏证据能推出宏进化不成立?只能说宏进化是悬而未决。
证明宏进化有两条路,一个是看过去历史留下的证据。一个是跟踪现有物种。如果历史上实在找不全证据。那只能用时间来证明,再过几千几万年,还看不到任何宏进化发生,那就有问题了。可惜我们估计是看不到了。
个人认为它跟宗教的最大不同就在这里,它始终是能用人的能力观察和验证的,只是时间问题。宗教完全无法证明或者伪证。

宏进化在教科书里怎么交,跟宏进化不成立完全是不同的问题。要分开讨论。
 
这个能否科普一下。如果支持Yong Earth,整个进化论谈都不用谈,所以值得花点时间。

科普?当然俺是Creationist,同时俺认为很多Creationist的文章是良莠不齐的,漏洞、speculation很多。其中的原因很多:写文章的人什么背景都有; Creationist的文章基本没有peer-review这个环节把关;Creationist的组织比较松散,也比较弱,基本上是业余的个人行为;最重要的是creation不可能证明,至少目前的科学水平不可能证明,最多只能通过反证其他理论得到部分证明

专注于寻找Creation的科学证据,俺认为是不可取的方法

回到年轻地球说,如果地球是年轻的--6千年,1万年,几百万年不关键,只要不是billions years old,进化论当然没有任何生存的空间。为什么阿Q避开这个话题呢?

1、阿Q没有能力一下子学习那么多东西;网上随便看几篇科普文章不可能说服俺
2、俺对地球年龄、化石dating为什么会产生质疑呢?

*年轻地球说从海水盐的浓度、空气成分(还有其他几个忘记了)分析问题,认为地球不可能那么老,俺认为这种分析是合理的,45亿年学说并不能解释所有这些inconsistent的现象

*100年来关于地球年龄有很多不同的proposal,谁都说服不了谁,为什么几十年前的某一天,科学界对45亿年就那么肯定、不改口?俺不否定我们可以通过科学手段去探知45亿年前的事情,但是科学界对45亿年这么肯定的态度,并且忽视其他质疑的声音,这种做法让俺产生了质疑和不信任

*45亿年主要靠发射性元素来检验,貌似对此确实有质疑的声音(来自科学界)。俺不懂,但直觉产生这个疑问:科学家们怎么知道45亿年以前岩石的原始状态?从一个科学盲的角度出发,发射性法成立有两个条件:元素衰减速度几十亿年保持不变;岩石的原始状态是已知的。第一个条件可能可能可以验证,第二个呢?

*那么45亿年是否准确依赖于测定岩石原始状态的方法是否准确,这样一层一层推下去,整个链条中的任何一个环节出问题,45亿年就出问题

3、为什么俺不相信年轻地球说?因为年轻地球说的证据跟45亿年的证据是矛盾的,俺目前没有看到足够的证据去推翻双方的证据。俺也怀疑当前的科技水平有足够能力回答所有的相关问题

4、俺对进化论有信心,就算地球是45亿年老,就算化石dating的方法是可靠的,进化论仍然不可能成立。要证明一个学说成立比推翻一个学说要困难得多
 
俺用“求科普”这个词,是因为那些问题都是最最基本的,如果科学发展到已经足以证明宏进化已经和正在发生,那些问题都是显然易见的,是真正科普水平的问题

俺是真正的科学盲,进楼之前对进化论几乎一无所知。当然对那些问题没有真正的答案,但是从俺这段时间的学习中,俺发现科学家对这些问题要不没有答案,要不争议极大。所以俺问这些问题的潜台词是:这些基本问题都不知道,科学家凭什么认定宏进化必然发生?

其中有一些也包含好奇的成分,比如究竟什么是DNA“解读器”?Craig Venter将不同生物用不同的方式解释DNA,让俺想起这个问题。就俺的理解(也是视频中Richard Darkins明确说的),科学家根据生物DNA相似性作为生物同源、相邻的判断依据,这个前提是“DNA解读器”是相同的,俺希望有好心人讲讲什么是DNA解读器
能不能一一解读一下为什么如果宏进化成立,你的那些问题就显然易见了?我怎么觉得哪个问题要是能解答了,都能当楼长?

DNA解读器,这个是挺让人好奇,知其然已经这么不容易,要知其所以然,只能靠没有停止思索的科学家来解答了。我看到不少科学家就止步于次了,由此转向宗教以求答案。
 
3、这些都饶过,就算它是长者“脚”的鱼,俺有更多的问题/求科普:

某些鱼在水里活得不耐烦了?象跳到岸上玩或者寻找食物,可是鱼的肺在陆地上不能呼吸,会死去啊!

或者在水里生活的某些鱼某一天基因变异长出两只脚,绝大多数鱼一辈子没有离开水面吧?它们有了脚之后怎么懂得爬上岸?它们是天才?在水里居然知道有一个陆地?还知道怎么上去?

有了脚还不行,至少还需要适合陆地上呼吸的肺吧?否则上岸不久它们就会死去。达尔文说适者生存,陆地上的空气可没有时间被它们适应,长者脚的鱼马上会死去的

那肯定是先长出肺来,可是没有脚怎么上岸?

同时长出肺和脚,那该行了吧?不过难度忒大了,肺和脚好像都不简单 :blowzy: 如果这样,就没有过渡,也不需要过渡了,这好像不符合进化论吧?

或者上面都不对,进化是慢慢的,一次变一点点,慢慢积累的。问题是刚开始变异的一点点没用啊,存在可以在陆地最长呼吸一分钟、两分钟、三分钟的肺吗?

最长在陆地上能呼吸一分钟的鱼干嘛要跑到陆地上,它们迟一点回到水里就会死的!

能在陆地呼吸一分钟的鱼,是不是在陆地上多锻炼它们在陆地的呼吸能力会越来越强?这种能力可以遗传给它们后代吗?人类可没有这种遗传能力

一直在水里生活的鱼跑到陆地上来,它们懂得怎样觅食吗?还是上来玩之后又回到水里了?:tx: 它们还听懂得享受生活的

看来你把进化论狭义地理解成“合理进化论”了,这个所谓的“合理”其实是以人的知识和逻辑为基础的,而宇宙的进化论恰恰是超越这个“合理”的。
问鱼为什么要上岸?就像问地球为什么要产生一样,这个宇宙并不需要地球,地球的产生也并非是由于这个宇宙环境适宜地球的产生。
产生就只是产生本身,鱼上了岸就是上了岸,如果有证据证明就可以了。
而这种产生合不合理、合不合科学、合不合逻辑,这些论断都是以人目前的所知为前提的。科学的研究和探索,就是不断地扩展这种所知。
因此,科学界要做的,并不是去挑战某种论,也不是去判断某种论是对是错,科学只是不断地发现。而教科书要做的事,就是把这些发现,以现在进行时告诉现在的人们。
就像圣经在进化一样,进化论也在进化,宗教和科学都在进化,地球也在进化,宇宙也在进化。当然,帖子也在进化。
人们要做的不是论证进化的对错,而是发现和记录这些事实而已。
 
还是不清楚为什么缺乏证据能推出宏进化不成立?只能说宏进化是悬而未决。
证明宏进化有两条路,一个是看过去历史留下的证据。一个是跟踪现有物种。如果历史上实在找不全证据。那只能用时间来证明,再过几千几万年,还看不到任何宏进化发生,那就有问题了。可惜我们估计是看不到了。
个人认为它跟宗教的最大不同就在这里,它始终是能用人的能力观察和验证的,只是时间问题。宗教完全无法证明或者伪证。

宏进化在教科书里怎么交,跟宏进化不成立完全是不同的问题。要分开讨论。

1、如果科学界将宏进化当成悬而未决的Hypotheses去研究,没有人会去找它的麻烦。问题在于存在这么大问题--确切地讲,是没有任何确定的证据的前提下,科学界认定它是“不可置疑”的真理,并且放在教科书中,这才是问题所在

2、进化论在公立学校的教育问题,是一个披上科学外衣的政治问题,如果没有科学界的大力支持,当然它做不了。所以有讨论的必要

3、正如你所言,如果宏进化缺乏证据,不能推断出宏进化不成立,只能证明宏进化悬而未决。这也是俺在本楼采取的策略。因为这个目标相对保守,不会太难。事实上,宏进化不是缺乏证据的问题,而是大量证据在否定宏进化,可是俺不想走地太远,不严谨地随便举几个例子:

*寒武纪大爆发
*化石纪录的特点:生物突然出现(Abrupt appearance;从出现到灭绝没有发现明显的进化痕迹(stasis); 新物种的出现没有看出相对老物种生物学上的优势(lack of selective advantage)--这跟缺乏missing link的证据是两种性质的问题
*化石时间的矛盾:比如最早的鸟类在2亿年前就出现了,按照进化论的时间表,恐龙根本没有时间去“进化”成鸟类;多次发现了“进化后代”比presumed“祖先”更早出现的闹剧
*基因变异的方向和变异的遗传能力
*变异与基因库、“DNA解读器”的问题

4、楼上帖子俺也说了,creation是不可证明的,俺也不赞成那些去证明creation的行为。俺认为科学与宗教在不同的领域,本来是互不相关的。本楼俺坚持完全脱离宗教谈论进化论就是这个原因,进化论是否成立,与它是否与任何宗教信条相矛盾没有关系,仅仅需要看进化论能不能通过科学方法的检验。而现在的问题恰恰是,进化论经不起科学的检验,宏进化是一门伪科学,或者保守地讲,宏进化仍然没有足够证据证明自己

5、在生命起源的问题上,宗教与进化论的区别在于,不管任何宗教信条是真理还是谬论,个人有选择相信或者不信的权利。披上科学外衣的政治,却通过公立学校的强制教育,去向无知的下一代推行伪科学,这才是危害所在
 
oh。这还用解释。。。马和驴杂交很容易生出骡子,但是骡子已经不能再生育了。狮虎兽很容易死。骡子和狮虎兽都算不上fertile offspring。
只是感觉前两天看的关于species的文章,还有点道理,挺好玩的。

狮虎兽能不能生育?很难还是不可能?
 
进化论经不起科学的检验,宏进化是一门伪科学,或者保守地讲,宏进化仍然没有足够证据证明自己

披上科学外衣的政治,却通过公立学校的强制教育,去向无知的下一代推行伪科学,这才是危害所在

不光进化论,现在人类的任何一门科学论从绝对的意义上讲,都是不科学的,包括相对论。但是,反过来,任何一个科学论断,也都无法被绝对否定为非科学,包括进化论。

说科学披上政治的外衣被强加给下一代,其实是你自身的执着与错觉,哥白尼学了地心说提出了日心说,牛顿学着亚里士多德发现了苹果,爱因斯坦学着牛顿提出了相对论。如果说教育有错,错不在书本,错不在知识,错在人心。

不觉枕寒冰,觉时寒冰化。
 
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